[governance] Internetistan, or the Bit Boat... a new approach to Internet governance!
Dr. Alejandro Pisanty Baruch
apisan at unam.mx
Fri Dec 7 12:36:03 EST 2012
Bertrand,
while not an expert, I find a piece of Ostrom's work particularly illuminating for Internet Governance. It is in her book "Understanding Institutional Diversity".
This analysis divides a large set of possible commons situations in quadrants, according to whether self-governance or heteronomous governance are weak or strong (not her words.)
She finds that the "worst" (hardest to govern) quadrant is the one in which neither external rule nor self-rule are strong. The situation there is pretty much the law of the jungle.
There are serious limitations in applying the theory to the whole of Internet Governance and I praise your list as a starting point for a more nuanced and clear discussion, while underlining that you have applied it only to ICANN's bailywick and once we move out of that (three of 40 in the WGIG set)it will get far more complicated. Good work to be done.
Also, ideally all eight elements of the framework should apply to the same "commons", not one per area.
Yours,
Alejandro Pisanty
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________________________________
Desde: Bertrand de La Chapelle [bdelachapelle at gmail.com]
Enviado el: viernes, 07 de diciembre de 2012 11:14
Hasta: governance at lists.igcaucus.org; Dr. Alejandro Pisanty Baruch
CC: Jovan Kurbalija; McTim
Asunto: Re: [governance] Internetistan, or the Bit Boat... a new approach to Internet governance!
Alejandro,
Ostromian Theory applies well to the management of Internet resources as common pool resources.
When the first ATRT Review began, I reached out to E. Ostrom (still alive at the time) to try to involve her to explore this topic (consulting stint). She could not do it but she confirmed to me in an email at the time that "Yes, the internet domain name system could be productively thought of as a CPR".
I have always believed this is a valid conceptual framework for a lot of ICANN-related discussions. Including her eight design principles for stable CPR management. (possible correlations with DNS and ICANN in blue)
>From Wikipedia: Ostrom identified eight "design principles" of stable local common pool resource management:
1. Clearly defined boundaries (effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties); (names and addresses)
2. Rules regarding the appropriation and provision of common resources that are adapted to local conditions; (policies by ASO, ccNSO and gNSO)
3. Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource appropriators to participate in the decision-making process; (PDP and other decision-making processes involving registries, registrars, RIRs, registrants, ISPs, ....)
4. Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the appropriators; (monitoring and compliance functions)
5. A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate community rules; (accreditation of registrars, breach of registry agreement, as examples)
6. Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of easy access; (UDRP, next URS)
7. Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level authorities; (more delicate, but Affirmation of Commitments vis-à-vis the US and participation of governments in GAC)
8. In the case of larger common-pool resources,organization in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base level. (the hierarchical and distributed system, both for addresses and domain names, with subsidiarity responsibility at the different levels)
Certainly, there is more in her work that could help making this even better working.
Best
B.
On Fri, Dec 7, 2012 at 4:22 PM, Dr. Alejandro Pisanty Baruch <apisan at unam.mx<mailto:apisan at unam.mx>> wrote:
Jovan,
thanks for doing a pretty innovative thing here: discussing ideas. Further, bringing a fresh approach and actual expertise.
My long-standing concern for analogies between Internet governance and the laws of the sea is that the Internet is much more a built environment than the sea (not that the sea is all natural and in fixed form forever, immune to our contamination and our imagintion.)
So Internet governance refers not only to rules etc. to live on the existing Internet, but also has to be useful as guidance in its expansion and development. To abuse your analogy, it's not only about shipping, fishing, and mining, but also about how to actually make the oceans of tomorrow.
That brings you to points like: you can use Ostromian theory to understand the tragedy of the commons in fisheries; but can you extend it to Internet governance? What are the limitations? Can you address concerns from liberals to socialists in a new framework without actually changing the salinity or wanting to reverse the flow of the Humboldt current?
Any thoughts?
Yours,
Alejandro Pisanty
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NEW PHONE NUMBER - NUEVO NÚMERO DE TELÉFONO
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Dr. Alejandro Pisanty
UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, 04510 Mexico DF Mexico
Blog: http://pisanty.blogspot.com
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/pisanty
Unete al grupo UNAM en LinkedIn, http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/22285/4A106C0C8614
Twitter: http://twitter.com/apisanty
---->> Unete a ISOC Mexico, http://www.isoc.org
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
________________________________
Desde: governance-request at lists.igcaucus.org<mailto:governance-request at lists.igcaucus.org> [governance-request at lists.igcaucus.org<mailto:governance-request at lists.igcaucus.org>] en nombre de Jovan Kurbalija [jovank at diplomacy.edu<mailto:jovank at diplomacy.edu>]
Enviado el: viernes, 07 de diciembre de 2012 08:37
Hasta: governance at lists.igcaucus.org<mailto:governance at lists.igcaucus.org>; McTim
Asunto: Re: [governance] Internetistan, or the Bit Boat... a new approach to Internet governance!
Well, we have innovation! With the IGF in Bali, and ICANN on a cruise ship, we may have 'beach or floating governance'. Internet governance could be fun!
I like the metaphor of the ship since it implies our common destiny. We are all passengers of ICANNia or ITUnia or...? Metaphors are also useful to remove our tunnel vision and make us think more creatively. In another metaphor, I hope that Internetistan will resist Absurdistan (here is the map of this fast-growing country<http://diplo.smugmug.com/ILLUSTRATIONS/Posters-1/4464706_T4FW6r#%21i=1104113260&k=2GsD8hV&lb=1&s=A>).
But back to the current reality. Unfortunately, the ICANN cruise ship won't solve the problem of internationalisation. 'Open sea' refers only to freedom of navigation. It does not deal with the status of the ship. All relations on the ship are regulated by the national law of the ship's flag. ICANNia has to be registered somewhere. One solution could be a flag of convenience such as Liberia or Panama. What happens on the ICANNia is regulated by national law, with no major differences from any other land-based entity (company, organisation). Yes, ICANNia can sail in whatever direction it wants to sail, but the decision must be made by the captain according to the rules of the flag's state. Extrapolating from the role of the captain on the ship, the ICANNia would look like military unit. The cruise ship metaphor gets even more interesting when we consider different classes of cabins, rescue operations, etc.
These thoughts have taken me back to Hugo Grotius's book Mare Liberum that established the "open sea" concept four centuries ago as opposed to the idea of a Mare Nostrum. His relevance for our time is sobering. If we replace 'sea' with 'Internet' we could have the next book on the Internet. Grotius was a very interesting personality. Besides being one of the first international lawyers, he was one of the founders of the 'natural law' school of thought. In addition, he wrote a lot about social contract (before Rousseau, Locke, and others). As a matter of fact, his social contract theory could be applicable to the Internet.
When it comes to the concept of open sea, Grotius had an interesting interplay with the political masters of his era. He believed in open sea, but Dutch and British authorities quickly realised the usefulness of his doctrine. They had the biggest fleets and had ambitions to develop trade and colonial empires. Grotius provided them with the necessary doctrine or 'political software'. However, Grotius always argued that 'open sea' needs rules and principles in order to be 'open'. Although it was counter-intuitive to the leaders of two growing maritime powers, he managed to convince them that it was in their best interest to 'tame' their comparative powers and ensure the sustainability of their empires beyond the 17th century. Everything else has written the history, which proved Grotius right. We can draw many parallels, with the necessary caution that historical analogies should be handled with care.
While we are waiting for a new Grotius (or Godot), we should review how we debate Internet governance issues. Grotius was a great scholar who mastered the existing rules before he started changing them. We, on the other hand, use well-defined and developed concepts in a relaxed way. A few examples...
As we saw, the frequently used metaphor of the open sea does not translate to an open Internet. In many respects, it can lead in the opposite direction (Internet Nostrum).
Another example is the role of states' responsibility in the Internet era. This is a well-defined concept in international law. If we want states to be responsible for whatever is originating in their territories (e.g. cyber-attacks, botnets), we have to give them the tools to ensure their responsibility (mainly state control, regulation, and surveillance). Most writings on state responsibility start from the opposite assumption, i.e. the limited role of the state. With all the creativity and imagination in the world, we still cannot have it both ways.
The most topical example of the need for evidence-based policy is the case of the Red Cross name/emblem at ICANN. There are very clear rules for the protection of the Red Cross name/emblem that were adopted some 100 years ago and have been followed, without reservation, on national and international levels. ICANN was right in protecting the Red Cross name but made the mistake of putting it together with organisations that do not enjoy the same status (the International Olympic Committee).
Even if we want to change the rules in order to adjust to the specificities of the Internet era (if any), we have first to master them. I see here an important role for academic and civil society communities. If we had advised ICANN to evaluate the Red Cross and IOC submissions separately, we could have avoided a lot of policy confusion and wasted time.
The GIGANET might consider the evidence-based policy research as the key theme for the next meeting?
Regards, Jovan
On 12/6/12 3:31 PM, McTim wrote:
All,
If domiciling ICANN in a nation state is problematic, perhaps ICANN could buy this cruise ship as a HQ:
http://cruiseship.homestead.com/Cruise-Ship.html
It would help solve the problem of internationalisation, be a permanent host for ICANN meetings (2450 berths....saving hotel costs for all) and generate revenue intersessionally. It's a 3-fer, plus it's a snip @~ 300 million USD!!
--
Cheers,
McTim
"A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how we get there." Jon Postel
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