No subject
Thu Jan 13 08:49:26 EST 2022
Dispersed vs. centralised
A key point was whether a single decision making space would be more approp=
riate versus a dispersed system whereby the right kind of expertise could b=
e assembled issue by issue. A centralised system could be easier to navigat=
e but a dispersed system had fewer risks for political or corporate capture=
and enabled issue-based expertise (including from civil society) to engage=
on specific issues. On balance we felt the risk/benefit of both approaches=
weighed more on the side of a dispersed model of governance.
Broad participation & role of reformed IGF
Another key point of agreement was in looking for ways to involve as broad =
as possible communities in internet governance. The IGF was seen as an impo=
rtant space for achieving this. For instance, a reformed IGF could act as a=
central space for learning about and feeding into all internet-related pub=
lic policies within a dispersed system. The reform could entail: a stronger=
leadership, a better supported secretariat, stronger links between the IGF=
and all other internet-related policy-making spaces, a strong link to nati=
onal and regional IGFs, more output-orientated, widening participation and =
reforming the MAG.
A new co-ordinating function
There was general interest in the idea of creating a new coordinating funct=
ion to facilitate the coherence and effectiveness of internet-related polic=
y making within a distributed model. All agreed that the coordinating group=
should be multi-stakeholder but there was no decision on where that group =
should be constituted (e.g. at the CSTD or attached to the IGF). A new coor=
dinating function is needed. More discussion is needed about the form, loca=
tion and processes by which that function is exercised.
Issue-specific multistakeholder working groups
When a new issue arises that needs a policy response, there was broad agree=
ment that these should be resolved through ad hoc multi-stakeholder working=
groups were developed to deal with specific issues. There wasn't a decisio=
n yet on where/how those working groups should be formed (i.e. by different=
institutions with mandate over different issues, by a working group tied t=
o CSTD, by a working group tied to IGF). Also, on decision making there was=
broad agreement that the groups would ideally work by consensus with the o=
ption to shift to another process where necessary and appropriate (includin=
g multilateral processes, e.g. to draft a treaty). New internet policy issu=
es should be dealt with through ad hoc multi-stakeholder working groups whi=
ch are issue specific. More discussion is needed about the form, location a=
nd processes of those multi-stakeholder working groups.
ICANN reform
A reformed ICANN - details to be worked on further.
6) List of Sources
http://internetdemocracy.in/reports/a-third-way-proposal-for-a-decentralise=
d-democratic-internet-governance-involving-all-stakeholders/
http://www.internetjurisdiction.net/
http://www.itforchange.net/sites/default/files/ITfC/%20%20Dev%20agenda%20in=
%20IG%20200412.pdf
http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/india-statement-un-cirp
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/india-to-push-for-free=
ing-internet-from-us-control/article5434095.ece?homepage=3Dtrue
http://www.intgovforum.org/contributions/IETF-as-model.pdf
http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/a67d65_en.pdf
http://unctad.org/Sections/un_cstd/docs/cstd2011d22_Major_EN.pdf
http://bestbits.net/notes-on-an-igf-plus/
http://www.internetgovernance.org/2013/10/16/a-blueprint-for-the-future-ove=
rsight-of-icann/
http://igfwatch.org/discussion-board/my-proposal-to-the-cstd-working-group-=
on-enhanced-cooperation#-8xHg3pRMAMtJ2UVoZcsOg
http://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default/files/May%202013%20IG%20webinar%20PD=
F%20-%20Dr%20Jeremy%20Malcolm.pdf
http://unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WGEC-Responses.aspx
Andrew Puddephatt | GLOBAL PARTNERS DIGITAL
Executive Director
Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4LT
T: +44 (0)20 7549 0336 | M: +44 (0)771 339 9597 | Skype: andrewpuddephatt
gp-digital.org
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=3DEN-GB link=3Dblue vli=
nk=3Dpurple><div class=3DWordSection1><p class=3DMsoNormal>Shortly before X=
mas Global Partners Digital and Article 19 met to look at the responses to =
the survey monkey I sent out in November. Taking advantage of the pre=
sence of other groups in Geneva earlier the same week, we managed to bring =
in representatives from CDT, CTS/FGV, Access, and Internet Democracy Projec=
t. The results of our conversation are set out below and in a word at=
tachment. Drawing upon the responses to the survey and other reading =
(listed at the end of the document) we looked at:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=3D=
MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style=
=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:=
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-f=
amily:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7=
.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </=
span></span></span><![endif]>The case for reform<o:p></o:p></p><p class=3DM=
soListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;=
mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supp=
ortLists]><span style=3D'font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore=
'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &n=
bsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>Possible criter=
ia for reforming IG governance<o:p></o:p></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxS=
pMiddle style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto=
;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span st=
yle=3D'font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span st=
yle=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &n=
bsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>An evaluation of the different pr=
oposals for reform<o:p></o:p></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpLast style=
=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:=
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-f=
amily:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7=
.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </=
span></span></span><![endif]>Preliminary conclusions.<o:p></o:p></p><p clas=
s=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal>Our main preliminar=
y conclusion was, after considering the criteria we set out for an IG syste=
m, that a <u>dispersed system of governance</u> has more benefits and fewer=
risks than a centralised system of governance. We go on to conclude =
in favour of maintaining a distributed governance regime, but that it shoul=
d be strengthened through improving the IGF, introducing a new coordinating=
function and a process for ad hoc issue-specific multistakeholder working =
groups to deal with new issues. We also agreed that reforms were needed in =
order to globalise oversight at ICANN, but more research is needed about th=
e options and risks here. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span s=
tyle=3D'color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal>It =
is going to be a complex process to try and co-ordinate a response from the=
n list. To simplify things I suggest that people submit <span s=
tyle=3D'color:black'>three categories of comments.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><=
p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'color:black'>1. There will be those who =
fundamentally disagree with the approach put forward. I suggest that =
they develop their own approach find their own collaborators and work on th=
eir own ideas. May a hundred flowers bloom.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p c=
lass=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'color:black'>2. Those who broadly agree but=
who have substantive comments to make which require further discussion.&nb=
sp; I will then collect these put together an online conference call or som=
e other mechanism to discuss then in a structured fashion.<o:p></o:p></span=
></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'color:black'>3. Those who br=
oadly agree but have preferences for different phrasing etc. but who can li=
ve with the differences. These I will collect and try and resolve thr=
ough e-mail conversation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span s=
tyle=3D'color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span=
style=3D'color:black'>We’ve spent a lot of energy on the question of=
representation so it would be good to focus on what it is we would say if =
we were represented. And although we should aim to submit something t=
o Brazil by March 1<sup>st</sup>, this position is one we can develop and u=
tilise in other forums. If you have other suggestins on how to pull t=
ogether different comments, do let me know. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><=
p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'color:black'>Andrew Puddephatt<o:p></o:p=
></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'color:black'><o:p> </o=
:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'color:black'><o:p> <=
/o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospa=
ce:none'><b><u><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'>Internet Governance: propos=
als for reform </span></u></b><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'><o:p></o:p><=
/span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:non=
e'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>***Contributors: Access, Article 19, CD=
T, CTS/FGV, GPD, Internet Democracy Project*** <o:p></o:p></span></p><p cla=
ss=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style=
=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>In an effort to work towards a joint civil society pr=
oposal for internet governance reform - with the aim of feeding into the up=
coming Brazilian Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet =
Governance and other relevant forums – Global Partners Digital and Ar=
ticle 19 coordinated a small group of civil society organisations.<o:p></o:=
p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:=
none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>In order to brainstorm and report ba=
ck as clearly as possible, the group worked through four stages in consider=
ing both the Best Bits survey responses and the most prominent civil societ=
y proposals for reforming the IG institutional framework that the contribut=
ors were aware of: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpFir=
st style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0p=
t;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;text-autospace:none'><![if !su=
pportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore=
'>1.<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &n=
bsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>What i=
s the case for reform of IG and do we have a common understanding of what t=
he problems with the existing arrangements are?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p cla=
ss=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-ri=
ght:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-=
space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;t=
ext-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><=
span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman=
"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span styl=
e=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>If there is a case for reform what are the criteria =
for a reformed system of IG that should be applied, assuming we have a basi=
c commitment to human rights and social justice? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p c=
lass=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-=
right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-ad=
d-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2=
;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'=
><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Rom=
an"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span st=
yle=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>How do the various proposals for reform stack up a=
gainst these criteria – what are their strengths and weaknesses and w=
hat potential risks and benefits.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListPa=
ragraphCxSpLast style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-b=
ottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-=
indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;text-autospace:no=
ne'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><span style=3D'ms=
o-list:Ignore'>4.<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &=
nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:1=
2.0pt'>What are the crucial elements of a reformed IG system and what are t=
hose which we desire but would be willing to compromise around. Considering=
the previous questions, is there a rough consensus among the group present=
that we could share with the wider BB community to enrich the approach? <o=
:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-aut=
ospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The below draft represents a =
summary of the group analysis and discussion. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p clas=
s=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D=
'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=
=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><span style=3D'font-size:14.0p=
t'>1) Case for reform</span></b><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'><o:p></o:p=
></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:n=
one'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Reviewing and building on the survey =
responses, the group identified the following criticisms of the current IG =
arrangements: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpFirst st=
yle=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-l=
eft:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;lin=
e-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !support=
Lists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'm=
so-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></span></span><![endif]><=
span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>There is an imbalance of power with many pe=
ople and groups, particularly from the global south, feeling marginalised.<=
o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-mar=
gin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;mar=
gin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:norma=
l;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span s=
tyle=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore=
'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &n=
bsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'=
font-size:12.0pt'>There is insufficient diversity of voices, including gend=
er and language.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle=
style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margi=
n-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;=
line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supp=
ortLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=
=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&=
nbsp; </span></span></span><![end=
if]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Development issues, as set out in the =
original Tunis Agenda, have not been adequately tackled.<o:p></o:p></span><=
/p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;=
margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt=
;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 leve=
l1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:=
12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span st=
yle=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &n=
bsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>=
The IGF has not satisfactorily delivered on all elements of its mandate. <o=
:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-marg=
in-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;marg=
in-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal=
;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span st=
yle=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'=
>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &nb=
sp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'f=
ont-size:12.0pt'>Multistakeholderism remains poorly defined which creates d=
ifficulty in its implementation and evaluation. The term is seen to be incr=
easingly used as a cover by those resisting change. <o:p></o:p></span></p><=
p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;marg=
in-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso=
-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 l=
fo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0=
pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=
=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  =
; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The=
re are jurisdictional issues which remain unresolved. This also often leave=
s powerful ICT companies to take important human rights/public interest dec=
isions. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=
=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left=
:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-h=
eight:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLis=
ts]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-=
list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &nb=
sp; </span></span></span><![endif]><spa=
n style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>There is an absence of forums where jurisdicti=
onal issues or global public policies relating to the internet can be thras=
hed out. This means governments are falling back on different national laws=
and technical responses which encroach on the global and distributed funct=
ioning of the internet.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxS=
pMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0c=
m;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-=
18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![i=
f !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span =
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roma=
n"'> </span></span></span><=
![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Furthermore because of the issues=
with the current regime, many governments are pursuing/establishing separa=
te international initiatives to tackle important issues (such as cybersecur=
ity) which are not sufficiently transparent, open, multi-stakeholder or glo=
bal. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'm=
so-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0=
pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height=
:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><=
span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:=
Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &n=
bsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span sty=
le=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Some governments are increasingly asserting a doctr=
ine of “state sovereignty” on the global internet. <o:p></o:p><=
/span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt=
:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:=
.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:=
l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'fon=
t-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<=
span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &=
nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:1=
2.0pt'>There is a lack of clarity about how or where decisions are made =
211; there is a plurality of forums with unclear relationships between them=
. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-=
margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;=
margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:no=
rmal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><spa=
n style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ign=
ore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  =
; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=
=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The internet is unusual as a communication tool, it h=
as developed from the beginning as an international medium, and its interna=
tional character and the benefits of free expression and access to informat=
ion that it brings need to be preserved. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DM=
soListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0c=
m;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:=
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;text-au=
tospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-fam=
ily:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0=
pt "Times New Roman"'> </sp=
an></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>There is a uniq=
ue property to the internet that requires global cooperation and coordinati=
on to make it effective.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCx=
SpLast style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm=
;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:no=
rmal;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p=
></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:n=
one'><b><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'>2) Criteria for Internet Governanc=
e <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;=
text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>NB - The group recogn=
ised that there was an overlap with the BB second Workstream looking at hig=
h level principles. The current suggested baseline for Workstream 2 are the=
Brazilian CGI.br principles. Depending on the outcome of Workstream 2, the=
re could be potential to unite around a core set of principles. <o:p></o:p>=
</span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:no=
ne'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>After some discussion, the group set o=
ut criteria that they felt were an essential element of any democratic inte=
rnational governance system. The aim was to find criteria that could apply =
to any system of international governance rather than looking for criteria =
that only applied to the internet – in order to avoid the pitfalls of=
“internet exceptionalism”. Rather, in a globalised world, wher=
e there are generally very weak lines of accountability between a governmen=
t's positions on the international stage and its electorate back at home, o=
pen international spaces with broad-based participation can be important op=
portunities for bringing international decisions much closer to citizens ac=
ross the world. In this context, the group found that the international IG =
regime, if developed appropriately, could have implications for wider inter=
national governance systems (beyond the Internet). The group recognised tha=
t these criteria are aspirational and that any proposed reform would probab=
ly not meet all the criteria. Nonetheless it was found that they provide a =
useful framework for assessing any proposed changes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>=
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span s=
tyle=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The following mutually-supporting criteria were f=
ound necessary for the governance of complex global phenomena: <o:p></o:p><=
/span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:non=
e'><b><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>a)</span></b><span style=3D'font-siz=
e:12.0pt'> <b>Processes</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagra=
phCxSpFirst style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-botto=
m:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-inde=
nt:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4;text-autospace:none'>=
<![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><s=
pan style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New =
Roman"'> </span></span></sp=
an><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Transparent and comprehensibl=
e: it should be possible for anyone to understand how it works and how thin=
gs happen/decisions are made; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParag=
raphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bo=
ttom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-i=
ndent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4;text-autospace:non=
e'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'=
><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times N=
ew Roman"'> </span></span><=
/span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Accountable: internal and =
external accountability process should exist, including a way of challengin=
g decisions; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle st=
yle=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-l=
eft:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;lin=
e-height:normal;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4;text-autospace:none'><![if !support=
Lists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'm=
so-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></span></span><![endif]><=
span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Effective: in that it can deliver whatever =
it is meant to deliver <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxS=
pLast style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;=
margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18=
.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4;text-autospace:none'><![if =
!supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span st=
yle=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"=
'> </span></span></span><![=
endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Adaptable: so that it can take acco=
unt of new innovations and developments in the field. <o:p></o:p></span></p=
><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><sp=
an style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMs=
oNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><span style=3D'fo=
nt-size:12.0pt'>b) Participation</span></b><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'=
> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style=3D'mso-m=
argin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;m=
argin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:nor=
mal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span=
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Igno=
re'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style=
=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Inclusive and open: not be a small exclusive club, bu=
t open to many. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle=
style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margi=
n-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;=
line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5;text-autospace:none'><![if !supp=
ortLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=
=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&=
nbsp; </span></span></span><![end=
if]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>All necessary points of view are inclu=
ded in order to arrive at good decisions/agreements <o:p></o:p></span></p><=
p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;marg=
in-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso=
-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 l=
fo5;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0=
pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=
=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  =
; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Pos=
sessing the necessary expertise to make informed decisions <o:p></o:p></spa=
n></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpLast style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt=
;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001p=
t;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 lev=
el1 lfo5;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size=
:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span s=
tyle=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &=
nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'=
>Meaningful participation: anybody affected by decision should be able to i=
mpact upon decision-making processes. The group recognised that this would =
likely involve mechanisms for consensus based decision making. But where co=
nsensus was not possible there may need to be alternative supplementary fra=
meworks, such as decision-making by majority vote. <o:p></o:p><=
/span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:non=
e'><b><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p c=
lass=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><span st=
yle=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>c) Underlying Values</span></b><span style=3D'font=
-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpFirst s=
tyle=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-=
left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;li=
ne-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;text-autospace:none'><![if !suppor=
tLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'=
mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
; </span></span></span><![endif]>=
<span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Human rights values should be at the core =
of any governance process and outcomes. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMs=
oListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm=
;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:a=
uto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;text-aut=
ospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-fami=
ly:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0p=
t "Times New Roman"'> </spa=
n></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Driven by global=
public interest (motivated by an understanding of the internet as a global=
public good). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpLast st=
yle=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-l=
eft:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal;text=
-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span><=
/p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><=
span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'>3) Evaluating Proposals for Reform <o:p></o=
:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autos=
pace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The next stage was to look at v=
arious suggested reforms to the current system, drawn from the survey and o=
ther sources. The list of models analysed below is not exhaustive. Pl=
ease forgive the brevity and crudeness of the model titles and their descri=
ptions - they are indicative only. More details about the proposals can be =
found in the sources listed at the end of the document.<o:p></o:p></span></=
p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span=
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style=3D'mso-e=
lement:para-border-div;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.=
0pt 4.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:no=
ne;border:none;padding:0cm'><b><i><u><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>UN Co=
mmittee Model<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=
=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none;border:none;padding:0cm'><i><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Model proposed by the Indian government for a ne=
w UN Committee made up of 50 member states, with four advisory committees m=
ade up of different stakeholder groups. The Committee would have mandate ov=
er global internet-related public policy issues, and oversight of the techn=
ical bodies. IT for Change has also promoted this model with the exception =
that oversight of the technical bodies would reside in a separate Technical=
Oversight and Advisory Board formed of technical experts nominated by gove=
rnments.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-autosp=
ace:none;border:none;padding:0cm'><i><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p>=
</o:p></span></i></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText style=3D'margin-bottom=
:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><b><i><u><span lang=3DE=
N-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Multi-stakeholder Internet Policy Council (=
as proposed by Jeremy Malcolm)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p><p class=3D=
MsoCommentText style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;border:none=
;padding:0cm'><i><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>A new multi-=
stakeholder internet policy council (MIPC) under the auspices of the IGF. M=
IPC would be made up of equal numbers from civil society, private sector, g=
overnment and technical/academic communities, and observers from internatio=
nal organisations). The MIPC would take up issues forwarded to it by rough =
consensus in IGF plenaries. The MIPC would attempt to agree, by rough conse=
nsus, an IGF recommendation on that issue. The recommendations would be non=
-binding, but could call for the development of binding rules by other inst=
itutions where appropriate, which would generally be at the national level.=
<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText style=3D'margin-=
bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><b><i><u><span la=
ng=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p><span style=3D'text-decoration:n=
one'> </span></o:p></span></u></i></b></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText st=
yle=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><b>=
<i><u><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Multi-stakeholder Inter=
net Policy Council (as proposed by Wolfgang Kleinwachter)<o:p></o:p></span>=
</u></i></b></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin=
-bottom:.0001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><i><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'fon=
t-size:12.0pt'>A new multi-stakeholder internet policy council (MIPOC) atta=
ched to the IGF. MIPOC could be composed similarly to the WG on Enhanced Co=
operation. The MIPOC would be a coordinating body – identifying issue=
s raised at the IGF and recommending an appropriate mechanism to address th=
ose issues, either a pre-existing mechanism (e.g. an intergovernmental orga=
nisation, a technical organisation, a combination) or a new one. New mechan=
isms could be ad hoc multistakeholder working groups with mandates to addre=
ss specific issues by rough consensus. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=
=3DMsoCommentText style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;border:n=
one;padding:0cm'><b><i><u><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:=
p><span style=3D'text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></span></u></i></=
b></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0=
001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><b><i><u><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-si=
ze:12.0pt'>Distributed Multi-stakeholder Processes Model (as proposed by In=
ternet Democracy Project)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p><p style=3D'marg=
in:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><i><span lang=3DEN-US=
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>This model also envisions a c=
oordinating body on the lines of the MIPOC model above, however the coordin=
ating body would be housed in the CSTD instead of the IGF. The function of =
the IGF would in this model be one of a clearing house only. In addition, t=
his model suggests that, where possible, the WSIS action lines should be ta=
ken as a guideline for deciding which pre-existing institution has a mandat=
e covering a specific internet issue. Once an appropriate institution is id=
entified, this institution would then be responsible for developing an appr=
opriate multi-stakeholder process to respond to that issue.</span></i><span=
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></spa=
n></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0=
001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><b><i><u><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-si=
ze:12.0pt'><o:p><span style=3D'text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></s=
pan></u></i></b></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;ma=
rgin-bottom:.0001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><b><i><u><span lang=3DEN-US st=
yle=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Self-forming multi-stakeholder issue processes (as=
demonstrated by Internet & Jurisdiction Project) <o:p></o:p></span></u=
></i></b></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bo=
ttom:.0001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><i><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-s=
ize:12.0pt'>Processes can self-create to develop voluntary solutions to spe=
cific internet issues. Similarly to the model for adoption of technical sta=
ndards: the better a solution the more likely it is to be adopted. For high=
er likelihood of voluntary adoption, these processes should involve experts=
and powerful players, such as key governments. However, the Internet &=
Jurisdiction Project’s model appears to be more of a ‘proof of=
concept’ that could feasibly be institutionalized within one of the =
models outlined above. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=3DMsoCommentText =
style=3D'margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;border:none;padding:0cm'><=
i><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></i=
></p></div><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:no=
ne'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=
=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'=
font-size:12.0pt'>Looking at the UN Committee model and applying the criter=
ia above, the model has real strengths in the clarity of process and theref=
ore enabling anyone to understand how it works and how things happen/decisi=
ons are made. It could also meet the effectiveness criteria in terms of com=
ing up with detailed policy recommendations. On the other hand, its propose=
d mandate seemed very broad and more clarification is needed about potentia=
l clashes with existing mandates, such as that of the ITU or UNESCO. As a U=
N Committee with a central role for governments, and based on experience of=
similar bodies, there is a real risk it would be dominated by geo-politica=
l interests. As a single body with oversight – potentially – of=
all public policy issues related to the internet, the group felt there was=
a risk that the body would not have the requisite expertise to make inform=
ed decisions across all issues. While it could draw upon the work of adviso=
ry groups, it was unclear how they would be composed and whether any fixed =
group of people would have the capability to tackle a wide range of policy =
issues. The advisory nature of the stakeholder groups would also create ris=
ks that those impacted by decisions would not necessarily be able to help s=
hape them. Furthermore there was a question over the feasibility (time-wise=
) of a single group responding to all issues, particularly as it is envisag=
ed meeting just a few times per year. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoN=
ormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-si=
ze:12.0pt'>Other proposals for reform, while varied in their level of centr=
alisation, suggest a greater role for non-governmental stakeholder groups. =
All of these models seem to envision the IGF playing a more or less central=
role as a clearing house for identifying issues which need tackling and fo=
r each issue process to inform, engage and be accountable to a wider Intern=
et community. One advantage of these models was seen to be the possibility =
for enabling pathways from the national through regional to global level di=
scussion and back down by tying all processes to a wider discussion at the =
IGFs. Another advantage was seen to be that building on the strengths of th=
e IGF could foster openness, inclusivity and accountability to the wider in=
ternet community. There were, however, concerns given that the IGF ha=
sn’t satisfactorily delivered on all elements of its mandate. F=
or example, should the MIPC/MIPOC models derive their mandate and agenda fr=
om IGF discussions – this would require a more output-oriented IGF. T=
hus, improving the IGF was seen as critical to instituting these models. <o=
:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-aut=
ospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>A key feature of most of the =
above models, which the group strongly supported, was the introduction of a=
new coordinating function in the current internet governance regime. The m=
ulti-stakeholder makeup of the coordinating body was also strongly supporte=
d by the group. The advantage of these models was seen to be the fact=
that they would provide greater clarity (compared to the current situation=
) about how public policy issues are addressed. <o:p></o:p></span></p=
><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>In looking at these models, they also all mainta=
in a distributed approach where many institutions are involved in different=
aspects of internet-related public policy. The group specifically supporte=
d the concept of maintaining/instituting separate processes for separate is=
sues for several reasons. Distributing power was seen as protection against=
power-grabs, which many saw as the main concern with the more centralised =
approach in the </span>UN Committee model <span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>=
– and to a lesser extent Jeremy’s MIPC model. <o:p></o:p>=
</span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:no=
ne'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>A distributed model was seen as having=
the advantage of drawing in expertise as necessary based on the issue at h=
and, and of being more dynamic and adaptable given the fast-changing intern=
et environment. However, a degree of institutionalisation of any distribute=
d model was seen to be essential to counteract power imbalances. For exampl=
e, self-forming multi-stakeholder processes are likely to disadvantage thos=
e without power and resources.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal st=
yle=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0p=
t'>There were, however, questions about the effectiveness of the distribute=
d models as they retain some of the challenges of the current regime. The <=
/span><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>UN Committee model </span><span styl=
e=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>was more similar to existing governance frameworks m=
aking it easier to understand. The other models involve new and innovative =
ways of working. The group felt that the Internet & Jurisdiction projec=
t may be a useful test bed for the modalities of such an approach.<s> </s><=
o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-au=
tospace:none'><b><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span><=
/b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'>=
<b><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'>4) Existing Institutions<o:p></o:p></sp=
an></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:no=
ne'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The group looked at a strand of sugges=
tions around sustaining the current structures, particularly the IGF and IC=
ANN, but reforming them to an extent that would allow issues with the curre=
nt system to be sufficiently addressed. NB these reforms could happen along=
side the ideas above considering the overall governance regime.<o:p></o:p><=
/span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-autospace:none'><b><span style=
=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-autospace:none'><b><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>IGF <o:p>=
</o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-autospace:none'><sp=
an style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The group looked at proposals for improving t=
he IGF (see list of sources below). There were a number of areas where nece=
ssary reforms were identified: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListPara=
graphCxSpFirst style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bo=
ttom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-i=
ndent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7;text-autospace:non=
e'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'=
><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times N=
ew Roman"'> </span></span><=
/span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Providing stronger leaders=
hip;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'ms=
o-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0p=
t;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:=
normal;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><s=
pan style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:I=
gnore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &nb=
sp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span styl=
e=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>A better funded and supported secretariat;<o:p></o:p=
></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-a=
lt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-botto=
m:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-lis=
t:l5 level1 lfo7;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'f=
ont-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·=
;<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  =
; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size=
:12.0pt'>Stronger links between the IGF (and discussions at the IGF) and al=
l spaces involved in the dispersed internet governance system;<o:p></o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:=
5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.=
0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l=
5 level1 lfo7;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font=
-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<s=
pan style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &n=
bsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12=
.0pt'>Clearing house function;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParag=
raphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bo=
ttom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-i=
ndent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7;text-autospace:non=
e'><![if !supportLists]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'=
><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times N=
ew Roman"'> </span></span><=
/span><![endif]><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>More output-orientated; <o=
:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-marg=
in-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;marg=
in-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal=
;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span st=
yle=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'=
>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &nb=
sp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'f=
ont-size:12.0pt'>Connecting the global annual IGF to a more structured seri=
es of national and regional IGFs to ensure that this is a clear path for is=
sues of concern raised at a national and regional level finding their way t=
o global consideration and back down to the regional and national levels;<o=
:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=3D'mso-marg=
in-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;marg=
in-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal=
;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span st=
yle=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'=
>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &nb=
sp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style=3D'f=
ont-size:12.0pt'>Widening participation (esp. unrepresented e.g. global sou=
th governments and civil society, high level policy-makers, staff of all in=
stitutions involved in internet-related policy making, small to medium busi=
nesses);<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoListParagraphCxSpLast style=3D'=
mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.=
0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-heigh=
t:normal;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]>=
<span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style=3D'mso-list=
:Ignore'>·<span style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> &=
nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span st=
yle=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Reforming the Multistakeholder Advisory Group.<o:p=
></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autos=
pace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><span s=
tyle=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>ICANN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNor=
mal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size=
:12.0pt'>In the case of ICANN, the group felt that globalising ICANN (inclu=
ding removing the privilege of the US which was seen as important tho=
ugh largely symbolic) remains an issue to be resolved as it might involve b=
oth location and structure. However, the group felt that it was neces=
sary to examine closely the different options - and timeframes - for doing =
so in order to determine their potential risks and suggest appropriate solu=
tions. Article 19 agreed to co-ordinate further work on this issue.<o:p></o=
:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace=
:none'><b><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>=
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><spa=
n style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'>5) Preliminary conclusions <o:p></o:p></span><=
/b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'>=
<span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>From the response to the survey and by ana=
lysing various alternative models using the criteria set out above, there s=
eems to be potential to come to a rough consensus combining a number of ide=
as commanding broad support among civil society. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p c=
lass=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.=
0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:=
36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;text-autospace:none'><u><span style=3D'font-size=
:12.0pt'>Dispersed vs. centralised</span></u><span style=3D'font-size:12.0p=
t'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;tex=
t-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>A key point was whether =
a single decision making space would be more appropriate versus a dispersed=
system whereby the right kind of expertise could be assembled issue by iss=
ue. A centralised system could be easier to navigate but a dispersed system=
had fewer risks for political or corporate capture and enabled issue-based=
expertise (including from civil society) to engage on specific issues. <b>=
On balance we felt the risk/benefit of both approaches weighed more on the =
side of a dispersed model of governance</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=
=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'=
><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'mso-margin-top-a=
lt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-botto=
m:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;text-autospace:none'><u><span style=3D'font-s=
ize:12.0pt'>Broad participation & role of reformed IGF</span></u><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=
=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>=
Another key point of agreement was in looking for ways to involve as broad =
as possible communities in internet governance. The IGF was seen as an impo=
rtant space for achieving this. For instance, a reformed IGF could act as a=
central space for learning about and feeding into all internet-related pub=
lic policies within a dispersed system. <b>The reform could entail: a stron=
ger leadership, a better supported secretariat, stronger links between the =
IGF and all other internet-related policy-making spaces, a strong link to n=
ational and regional IGFs, more output-orientated, widening participation a=
nd reforming the MAG.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=
=3D'text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p>=
</span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-ri=
ght:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-ind=
ent:-18.0pt;text-autospace:none'><u><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>A new =
co-ordinating function<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=
=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>=
There was general interest in the idea of creating a new coordinating funct=
ion to facilitate the coherence and effectiveness of internet-related polic=
y making within a distributed model. All agreed that the coordinating group=
should be multi-stakeholder but there was no decision on where that group =
should be constituted (e.g. at the CSTD or attached to the IGF). <b>A new c=
oordinating function is needed. More discussion is needed about the form, l=
ocation and processes by which that function is exercised. </b><o:p></o:p><=
/span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.=
0pt;text-autospace:none'><u><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p><span sty=
le=3D'text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p class=3DMs=
oNormal style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0c=
m;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;text-autospa=
ce:none'><u><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Issue-specific multistakeholde=
r working groups </span></u><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></s=
pan></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'=
><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>When a new issue arises that needs a poli=
cy response, there was broad agreement that these should be resolved throug=
h ad hoc multi-stakeholder working groups were developed to deal with speci=
fic issues. There wasn’t a decision yet on where/how those working gr=
oups should be formed (i.e. by different institutions with mandate over dif=
ferent issues, by a working group tied to CSTD, by a working group tied to =
IGF). Also, on decision making there was broad agreement that the groups wo=
uld ideally work by consensus with the option to shift to another process w=
here necessary and appropriate (including multilateral processes, e.g. to d=
raft a treaty). <b>New internet policy issues should be dealt with through =
ad hoc multi-stakeholder working groups which are issue specific.</b> <b>Mo=
re discussion is needed about the form, location and processes of those mul=
ti-stakeholder working groups.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNorma=
l style=3D'margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;text-autospace:none'><u><=
span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p><span style=3D'text-decoration:none'>&=
nbsp;</span></o:p></span></u></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'mso-margin-t=
op-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-b=
ottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;text-autospace:none'><u><span style=3D'fo=
nt-size:12.0pt'>ICANN reform</span></u><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:=
p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-auto=
space:none'><b><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>A reformed ICANN – de=
tails to be worked on further.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNorma=
l style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><span style=3D'font-siz=
e:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'mar=
gin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt'>6) L=
ist of Sources<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margi=
n-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a href=3D"http://internetdemocracy.in/rep=
orts/a-third-way-proposal-for-a-decentralised-democratic-internet-governanc=
e-involving-all-stakeholders/"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://inte=
rnetdemocracy.in/reports/a-third-way-proposal-for-a-decentralised-democrati=
c-internet-governance-involving-all-stakeholders/</span></a><span style=3D'=
font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'marg=
in-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a href=3D"http://www.internetjurisdictio=
n.net/"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://www.internetjurisdiction.ne=
t/</span></a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p cla=
ss=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a href=3D"ht=
tp://www.itforchange.net/sites/default/files/ITfC/%20%20Dev%20agenda%20in%2=
0IG%20200412.pdf"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://www.itforchange.n=
et/sites/default/files/ITfC/%20%20Dev%20agenda%20in%20IG%20200412.pdf</span=
></a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMso=
Normal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a href=3D"http://cis=
-india.org/internet-governance/blog/india-statement-un-cirp"><span style=3D=
'font-size:12.0pt'>http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/india-stat=
ement-un-cirp</span></a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span=
></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a=
href=3D"http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/india-to-push=
-for-freeing-internet-from-us-control/article5434095.ece?homepage=3Dtrue"><=
span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology=
/internet/india-to-push-for-freeing-internet-from-us-control/article5434095=
.ece?homepage=3Dtrue</span></a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p=
></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:n=
one'><a href=3D"http://www.intgovforum.org/contributions/IETF-as-model.pdf"=
><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://www.intgovforum.org/contributions/=
IETF-as-model.pdf</span></a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none=
'><a href=3D"http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/a67d65_en.pdf=
"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalD=
ocuments/a67d65_en.pdf</span></a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:=
p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:=
none'><a href=3D"http://unctad.org/Sections/un_cstd/docs/cstd2011d22_Major_=
EN.pdf"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://unctad.org/Sections/un_cstd=
/docs/cstd2011d22_Major_EN.pdf</span></a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> =
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-a=
utospace:none'><a href=3D"http://bestbits.net/notes-on-an-igf-plus/"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://bestbits.net/notes-on-an-igf-plus/</span>=
</a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoN=
ormal style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a href=3D"http://www.=
internetgovernance.org/2013/10/16/a-blueprint-for-the-future-oversight-of-i=
cann/"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://www.internetgovernance.org/2=
013/10/16/a-blueprint-for-the-future-oversight-of-icann/</span></a><span st=
yle=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a href=3D"http://igfwatch.o=
rg/discussion-board/my-proposal-to-the-cstd-working-group-on-enhanced-coope=
ration#-8xHg3pRMAMtJ2UVoZcsOg"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://igfw=
atch.org/discussion-board/my-proposal-to-the-cstd-working-group-on-enhanced=
-cooperation#-8xHg3pRMAMtJ2UVoZcsOg</span></a><span style=3D'font-size:12.0=
pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-top:5=
.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a href=3D"http://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default=
/files/May%202013%20IG%20webinar%20PDF%20-%20Dr%20Jeremy%20Malcolm.pdf"><sp=
an style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default/files/=
May%202013%20IG%20webinar%20PDF%20-%20Dr%20Jeremy%20Malcolm.pdf</span></a><=
span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal=
style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none'><a href=3D"http://unctad.or=
g/en/Pages/CSTD/WGEC-Responses.aspx"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>http:=
//unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WGEC-Responses.aspx</span></a><span style=3D'fon=
t-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'c=
olor:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D=
'color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> <=
/o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal sty=
le=3D'margin-top:7.0pt;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none'><b><span style=
=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#253741;mso-fareast-language:EN-=
US'>Andrew Puddephatt</span></b><b><span style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans=
-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> </span></b><span style=3D'=
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>| =
</span><b><span style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#253741;mso=
-fareast-language:EN-US'>GLOBAL PARTNERS</span></b><span style=3D'font-fami=
ly:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#253741;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> DIGITAL<=
o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:115%;text-au=
tospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:=
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#253741;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Executive Di=
rector</span><span style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#FF2126;=
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal styl=
e=3D'line-height:115%;text-autospace:none'><span style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;=
line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#7F7F7F;mso-fareast=
-language:EN-US'>Development House, 56–64 Leonard Street, London EC2A=
4LT<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'font-size:10.=
0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#7F7F7F'>T: +44 (0)20 7549 0336 =
| M: +44 (0)771 339 9597 | Skype: andrewpuddephatt</span><span style=3D'fon=
t-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#7F7F7F'><br><b>gp-digital.org</b><o:p>=
</o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></h=
tml>=
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