[governance] right to development, the structure of IGC and IG issues for march deadline

[Robert Guerra]

I believe a few weeks ago Max on the MMWG list suggested that we try in
include citations and references to ongoing discussions as it could be
useful for the academics, researchers, students and those wanting
further background information.

Thus, below you will find the section in Wikipedia on the generations of
human rights.

regards

Robert

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Three generations of human rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights

The division of human rights into three generations was initially
proposed in 1979 by the Czech jurist Karel Vasak at the International
Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg.

His division follows the three great watchwords of the French
Revolution: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. The 3 generations are
reflected in some of the rubrics of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of
the European Union.



First-generation human rights

First-generation human rights deal essentially with liberty. They are
fundamentally civil and political in nature and serve to protect the
individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include,
among other things, freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, and
freedom of religion. First generation rights are therefore mostly
negative rights. They were first enshrined at the global level by the
1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

See: Articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration, and the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Second-generation human rights

Second-generation human rights are related to equality and were
established after the Russian Revolution. They are fundamentally social,
economic, and cultural in nature. In social terms, they ensure different
members of the citizenry equal conditions and treatment. They also grant
people the right to work and to be employed, thus securing the ability
of the individual to support a family. They are mostly positive rights,
representing things that the State is required to provide to the people
under its jurisdiction.

See: Articles 22 to 27 of the Universal Declaration, and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
[edit]

Third-generation human rights

Third-generation human rights focus essentially on fraternity and, in
generic terms, can be seen as rights of solidarity. They cover group and
collective rights:

    * Right to self-determination
    * Right to economic and social development
    * Right to natural resources
    * Right to communicate
    * Right to participation in mankind's heritage

These rights are briefly covered in the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights (see above), but these provisions are an
exceptional addition to the documents, which generally conceive of
rights as an individual's claim upon society. Otherwise, this third
generation has not yet been incorporated into any legally-binding human
rights equivalent.

An alternative explanation for the Three-generations rests on the
political divisions of the Cold War, where first-generation civil and
political rights were promoted by the West, second-generation economic,
social and cultural rights promoted by the East and third-generation,
solidarity rights by the Third-World. These divisions were also
reflected in the creation of the international human rights framework.
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