No subject

Dispersed vs. centralised
A key point was whether a single decision making space would be more approp=
riate versus a dispersed system whereby the right kind of expertise could b=
e assembled issue by issue. A centralised system could be easier to navigat=
e but a dispersed system had fewer risks for political or corporate capture=
 and enabled issue-based expertise (including from civil society) to engage=
 on specific issues. On balance we felt the risk/benefit of both approaches=
 weighed more on the side of a dispersed model of governance.

Broad participation & role of reformed IGF
Another key point of agreement was in looking for ways to involve as broad =
as possible communities in internet governance. The IGF was seen as an impo=
rtant space for achieving this. For instance, a reformed IGF could act as a=
 central space for learning about and feeding into all internet-related pub=
lic policies within a dispersed system. The reform could entail: a stronger=
 leadership, a better supported secretariat, stronger links between the IGF=
 and all other internet-related policy-making spaces, a strong link to nati=
onal and regional IGFs, more output-orientated, widening participation and =
reforming the MAG.

A new co-ordinating function
There was general interest in the idea of creating a new coordinating funct=
ion to facilitate the coherence and effectiveness of internet-related polic=
y making within a distributed model. All agreed that the coordinating group=
 should be multi-stakeholder but there was no decision on where that group =
should be constituted (e.g. at the CSTD or attached to the IGF). A new coor=
dinating function is needed. More discussion is needed about the form, loca=
tion and processes by which that function is exercised.

Issue-specific multistakeholder working groups
When a new issue arises that needs a policy response, there was broad agree=
ment that these should be resolved through ad hoc multi-stakeholder working=
 groups were developed to deal with specific issues. There wasn=92t a decis=
ion yet on where/how those working groups should be formed (i.e. by differe=
nt institutions with mandate over different issues, by a working group tied=
 to CSTD, by a working group tied to IGF). Also, on decision making there w=
as broad agreement that the groups would ideally work by consensus with the=
 option to shift to another process where necessary and appropriate (includ=
ing multilateral processes, e.g. to draft a treaty). New internet policy is=
sues should be dealt with through ad hoc multi-stakeholder working groups w=
hich are issue specific.More discussion is needed about the form, location =
and processes of those multi-stakeholder working groups.

ICANN reform
A reformed ICANN =96 details to be worked on further.

6) List of Sources
http://internetdemocracy.in/reports/a-third-way-proposal-for-a-decentralise=
d-democratic-internet-governance-involving-all-stakeholders/
http://www.internetjurisdiction.net/
http://www.itforchange.net/sites/default/files/ITfC/%20%20Dev%20agenda%20in=
%20IG%20200412.pdf
http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/india-statement-un-cirp
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/india-to-push-for-free=
ing-internet-from-us-control/article5434095.ece?homepage=3Dtrue
http://www.intgovforum.org/contributions/IETF-as-model.pdf
http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/a67d65_en.pdf
http://unctad.org/Sections/un_cstd/docs/cstd2011d22_Major_EN.pdf
http://bestbits.net/notes-on-an-igf-plus/
http://www.internetgovernance.org/2013/10/16/a-blueprint-for-the-future-ove=
rsight-of-icann/
http://igfwatch.org/discussion-board/my-proposal-to-the-cstd-working-group-=
on-enhanced-cooperation#-8xHg3pRMAMtJ2UVoZcsOg
http://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default/files/May%202013%20IG%20webinar%20PD=
F%20-%20Dr%20Jeremy%20Malcolm.pdf
http://unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WGEC-Responses.aspx




Andrew Puddephatt| GLOBAL PARTNERS DIGITAL
Executive Director
Development House, 56=9664 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4LT
T: +44 (0)20 7549 0336<tel:%2B44%20%280%2920%207549%200336> | M: +44 (0)771=
 339 9597<tel:%2B44%20%280%29771%20339%209597> | Skype: andrewpuddephatt
gp-digital.org<http://gp-digital.org>




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--
Mar=EDlia Maciel
Pesquisadora Gestora
Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade - FGV Direito Rio

Researcher and Coordinator
Center for Technology & Society - FGV Law School
http://direitorio.fgv.br/cts

DiploFoundation associate
www.diplomacy.edu<http://www.diplomacy.edu>




--_000_CF1409F413E91andrewgpdigitalorg_
Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<html><head>
<meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3DWindows-1=
252"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space;=
 -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14p=
x; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><div>Thanks Marilia</div><div><br></d=
iv><div>I=92m back online now and picking up on my 430 e-mails so apologies=
 to those who are waiting for a response from me.</div><div><br></div><div>=
There are good reflections =96 my sense from them is that you have question=
s about a distributed governance model in that to may not be clear/purposef=
ul enough to address the weaknesses in the current arrangements =96 is that=
 a fair summary of what you=92re saying?  Or am I over interpreting?</=
div><div><br></div><div>I think we shared your view that existing multi-sta=
keholderism has not provided corrections to imbalances of power =96 the rea=
l question is whether the move to a more state based system of governance w=
ould provide such a corrective or whether it would simply accelerate making=
 the internet a geo-political battlefield (personally I suspect we are alre=
ady there).  In looking for a more dispersed governance model we were =
looking for a way of facilitating the input of a range of public interest v=
iews to counter the growing voices calling for state sovereignty over the i=
nternet.  But I=92d be the first to say that there are no perfect solu=
tions in our current climate.</div><div><br></div><div>I=92ve given the 6th=
 as the deadline for final comments and I=92l try and process them after th=
at and get back to people after that</div><div><br></div><div>Andrew</div><=
div><br></div><span id=3D"OLK_SRC_BODY_SECTION"><div style=3D"font-family:C=
alibri; font-size:11pt; text-align:left; color:black; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium=
 none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PA=
DDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none;=
 PADDING-TOP: 3pt"><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">From: </span> Marilia M=
aciel <<a href=3D"mailto:mariliamaciel at gmail.com">mariliamaciel at gmail.co=
m</a>><br><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">Date: </span> Wednesday, 22 J=
anuary 2014 22:18<br><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">To: </span> andrew Pu=
ddephatt <<a href=3D"mailto:andrew at gp-digital.org">andrew at gp-digital.org=
</a>><br><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">Cc: </span> "<bestbits=
@lists. net>" <<a href=3D"mailto:bestbits at lists.bestbits.net">be=
stbits at lists.bestbits.net</a>><br><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">Subje=
ct: </span> Re: [bestbits] substantive proposals for Brazil summit - IG gov=
ernance<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><div dir=3D"ltr">Hi Andrew and al=
l,
<div><br></div><div>After reading the document I was willing to send a more=
 carefully written comment, but I believe it is better to share thoughts in=
formally now than to hold back ideas. Sorry for the chaotic message.</div><=
div><br></div><div>First of all, this is a very good and useful document. Y=
ou managed to give the summary a good flow and you provide both an overview=
 of inputs from respondents and conclusions from the group who analyzed the=
m (which are also useful btw). Some remarks I
 would initially have are the following. </div><div><br></div><div>- I=
t is interesting that almost all respondents mentioned imbalances of power,=
 insufficient diversity of voices and other similar things as "cases f=
or governance reform". I think that one conclusion from that is that a=
lthough we support the idea of multistakeholder
 participation, the way it has been "lived" and implemented is no=
t what we wished for. This is important to emphasize, because some analysis=
 that have been produced recently argue that non-gov actors were all univoc=
ally united around MS all along.  In fact,
 I think many actors in CS have been pointing out to these imbalances for a=
 long time, so in order to improve multistaholderism, these demands for inc=
lusion should be the main ones guiding the process of reform.</div><div><br=
></div><div>- It is not clear to me if MIPOC would produce outputs or just =
identify the more adequate spaces to deal with issues. I will assume the fi=
rst option is correct...</div><div><br></div><div>- I think that some of th=
e proposals of "distributed governance" that you mapped overlook =
some important points. If MIPC or MIPOC  produce recommendations and s=
end them to other organizations: </div><div>a) would they be obliged t=
o take this issue on their agenda?; </div><div>b) If they do take it, =
what is the weight of MIPC/MIPOC's advice? If there is no weight, would we =
be giving an additional incentive to, for instance, WIPO, to negotiate text=
 about the Internet, in a context that the MS opinion on the subject would =
 not
 count in WIPO? What is the use of that, and how does this differentiate go=
vernance of the internet to traditional international regimes? </div><=
div>c)  Is there a procedure to make other organizations reply back to=
 MIPC/MIPOC to avoid at least that issues fall on def ears? </div><div=
>d) the distributed proposals are all based on a precondition: improving th=
e IGF. That seems a frail model to me, if we dont know if there will be a r=
enewal of the mandate or interest to continue the forum (let's not forget t=
he drama before Bali). </div><div>e) Even if the IGF continues, the IG=
F needs resources. There is little chance to produce good, focused policy-o=
riented outcomes without a very, very boosted and dedicated staff and peopl=
e who understand of methodologies to deal with large groups. Those
 who were also in the IGF improvements WG heard, like I did, that the IGF w=
ill not receive additional resources from the UN. The UN did not want to pa=
y more and the business and the technical community were alligned against U=
N public funding, taking the issue
 out of the table. Are basing our model of improved governance on the exist=
ence of enough voluntary funding to the IGF?</div><div>f) The option to har=
bor the coordinating committee in CSTD was not sufficiently discussed in th=
e document imo. Given the frailty of the IGF and the fact that outcomes fro=
m the coordinating body under CSTD could move up to ECOSOC and GA, I would =
look into
 that more carefully</div><div><br></div><div>- I don't understand why powe=
r grabs were a concern on the UN Committee model, but not so much on distri=
buted models. Less clear processes are very prone to power grabs, even to m=
ore opaque (and harder to identify and fight) ones. With that in mind, I
 particularly emphasize the importance of your argument that self-forming M=
S processes are likely to disadvantage those without power and resources.&n=
bsp;</div><div><br></div><div>- The idea of a UN committee model does not s=
eem to exclude the possibility to create ad-hoc MS working groups as necess=
ary, so maybe the argument that it would not have expertise to deal with th=
e diversity of internet issues could be more carefully explained.</div><div=
><br></div><div>That is all for a start. Just sharing some initial thoughts=
 and hoping we can continue the discussions.</div><div>Thanks again for the=
 good start</div><div>Mar=EDlia</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br=
></div><div><br></div><div> </div></div><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br=
><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Wed, Jan 22, 2014 at 6:25 AM, Andrew Pud=
dephatt <span dir=3D"ltr">
<<a href=3D"mailto:Andrew at gp-digital.org" target=3D"_blank">Andrew at gp-di=
gital.org</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div sty=
le=3D"font-size:14px;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;word-wrap:break-word"><=
div>Hi everyone </div><div><br></div><span><div style=3D"border-right:=
medium none;padding-right:0in;padding-left:0in;padding-top:3pt;text-align:l=
eft;font-size:11pt;border-bottom:medium none;font-family:Calibri;border-top=
:#b5c4df 1pt solid;padding-bottom:0in;border-left:medium none"><div class=
=3D"im"><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">From: </span>Marianne Franklin &lt=
;<a href=3D"mailto:m.i.franklin at gold.ac.uk" target=3D"_blank">m.i.franklin@=
gold.ac.uk</a>><br><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Thursda=
y, 16 January 2014 15:57<br></div><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">To: </sp=
an>andrew Puddephatt <<a href=3D"mailto:andrew at gp-digital.org" target=3D=
"_blank">andrew at gp-digital.org</a>>, "<a href=3D"mailto:parminder at i=
tforchange.net" target=3D"_blank">parminder at itforchange.net</a>" <<=
a href=3D"mailto:parminder at itforchange.net" target=3D"_blank">parminder at itf=
orchange.net</a>>,
 "<bestbits at lists. net>" <<a href=3D"mailto:bestbits at lis=
ts.bestbits.net" target=3D"_blank">bestbits at lists.bestbits.net</a>>
<div class=3D"im"><br><span style=3D"font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>Re: =
[bestbits] substantive proposals for Brazil summit - IG governance<br></div=
></div><div><br></div><div><div text=3D"#000000" bgcolor=3D"#FFFFFF">Dear A=
ndrew and all<br><br>
I=92m heading offline for a week now and have had little substantive respon=
se to the document below. If there are any comments could you send them thr=
ough to me by February 6th =96 after that we=92ll consult about turning thi=
s into a submission in time for the deadline
 of March 1st.<br><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div><div class=3D"im"><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p=
><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:7.0pt;line-height:115%;tex=
t-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: =
rgb(37, 55, 65);">Andrew Puddephatt</span></b><b><span style=3D"font-family=
: Arial, sans-serif;"></span></b><span style=3D"font-family: Arial, sans-se=
rif;">| </span><b><span style=3D"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb=
(37, 55, 65);">GLOBAL PARTNERS</span></b><span style=3D"font-family: Arial,=
 sans-serif; color: rgb(37, 55, 65);"> DIGITAL<u></u><u></u></span></p><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:115%;text-autospace:none"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; c=
olor: rgb(37, 55, 65);">Executive Director</span><span style=3D"font-family=
: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 33, 38);"><u></u><u></u></span></p><p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:115%;text-autospace:none"><span st=
yle=3D"font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; =
color: rgb(127, 127, 127);">Development House, 56=9664 Leonard Street, Lond=
on EC2A 4LT<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"f=
ont-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);"=
>T:
<a href=3D"tel:%2B44%20%280%2920%207549%200336" value=3D"+442075490336"=
 target=3D"_blank">
+44 (0)20 7549 0336</a> | M: <a href=3D"tel:%2B44%20%280%29771%20339%20=
9597" value=3D"+447713399597" target=3D"_blank">
+44 (0)771 339 9597</a> | Skype: andrewpuddephatt</span><span style=3D"=
font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);"><br><b><a href=
=3D"http://gp-digital.org" target=3D"_blank">gp-digital.org</a></b><u></u><=
u></u></span></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color:#1f497d"=
><u></u> <u></u></span></p><div><div style=3D"border:none;border-top:s=
olid #b5c4df 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><br></=
p></div></div><div></div></div><div><div class=3D"h5"><blockquote style=3D"=
margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Shortly before=
 Xmas Global Partners Digital and Article 19 met to look at the responses t=
o the survey monkey I sent out in November.  Taking advantage of the p=
resence of other groups in Geneva earlier the same week, we managed to bring
 in representatives from CDT, CTS/FGV, Access, and Internet Democracy Proje=
ct.  The results of our conversation are set out below and in a word a=
ttachment.  Drawing upon the responses to the survey and other reading=
 (listed at the end of the document) we looked
 at:<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p><p sty=
le=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span><span>=B7<span style=
=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-siz=
e: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  &=
nbsp;     
</span></span></span>The case for reform<u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margi=
n-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-styl=
e: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-=
height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">    &n=
bsp;   
</span></span></span>Possible criteria for reforming IG governance<u></u><u=
></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span><span>=
=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: no=
rmal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"=
>        
</span></span></span>An evaluation of the different proposals for reform<u>=
</u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span><=
span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weigh=
t: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Rom=
an';">        
</span></span></span>Preliminary conclusions.<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"=
MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Our main prelimin=
ary conclusion was, after considering the criteria we set out for an IG sys=
tem, that a
<u>dispersed system of governance</u> has more benefits and fewer risks tha=
n a centralised system of governance.  We go on to conclude in favour =
of maintaining a distributed governance regime, but that it should be stren=
gthened through improving the IGF, introducing
 a new coordinating function and a process for ad hoc issue-specific multis=
takeholder working groups to deal with new issues. We also agreed that refo=
rms were needed in order to globalise oversight at ICANN, but more research=
 is needed about the options and
 risks here.  <u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"=
color:#1f497d"> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">It is =
going to be a complex process to try and co-ordinate a response from then l=
ist.   To simplify things I suggest that people submit three cate=
gories of comments.<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"> <u></u><u=
></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">1. There will be those who fundamentally di=
sagree with the approach put forward.  I suggest that they develop the=
ir own approach find their own collaborators and work on their own ideas.&n=
bsp; May a hundred flowers bloom.<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">2=
. Those who broadly agree but who have substantive comments to make which r=
equire further discussion.  I will then collect these put together an =
online conference call or some other mechanism to discuss then in a structu=
red fashion.<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">3.  Those who bro=
adly agree but have preferences for different phrasing etc. but who can liv=
e with the differences.  These I will collect and try and resolve thro=
ugh e-mail conversation.<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"> <u><=
/u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">We=92ve spent a lot of energy on the q=
uestion of representation so it would be good to focus on what it is we wou=
ld say if we were represented.  And although we should aim to submit s=
omething to Brazil by March 1<sup>st</sup>, this position
 is one we can develop and utilise in other forums.  If you have other=
 suggestins on how to pull together different comments, do let me know.&nbs=
p;
<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal">Andrew Puddephatt<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">&n=
bsp;<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p><p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><b><u><span=
 style=3D"font-size:14.0pt">Internet Governance: proposals for reform
</span></u></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top=
:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">***Contributor=
s: Access, Article 19, CDT, CTS/FGV, GPD, Internet Democracy Project***
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">In an effort to work t=
owards a joint civil society proposal for internet governance reform - with=
 the aim of feeding into the upcoming Brazilian Global Multistakeholder
 Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance and other relevant forums =96=
 Global Partners Digital and Article 19 coordinated a small group of civil =
society organisations.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">=
In order to brainstorm and report back as clearly as possible, the group wo=
rked through four stages in considering both the Best Bits survey responses=
 and the most
 prominent civil society proposals for reforming the IG institutional frame=
work that the contributors were aware of:
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span>1.<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-we=
ight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New =
Roman';">      
</span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">What is the case for reform =
of IG and do we have a common understanding of what the problems with the e=
xisting arrangements are?</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:=
0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:=
normal;text-autospace:none"><span>2.<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font=
-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;=
 font-family: 'Times New Roman';">      
</span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">If there is a case for refor=
m what are the criteria for a reformed system of IG that should be applied,=
 assuming we have a basic commitment to human rights and social justice?
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span>3.<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-we=
ight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New =
Roman';">      
</span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">How do the various proposals=
 for reform stack up against these criteria =96 what are their strengths an=
d weaknesses and what potential risks and benefits.</span><u></u><u></u></p=
><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-b=
ottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span>4.<span style=
=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-siz=
e: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  &=
nbsp;   
</span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">What are the crucial element=
s of a reformed IG system and what are those which we desire but would be w=
illing to compromise around. Considering the previous questions, is there a=
 rough consensus among the group present
 that we could share with the wider BB community to enrich the approach? </=
span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;tex=
t-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">The below draft represen=
ts a summary of the group analysis and discussion.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span><u></u><u=
></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:no=
ne"><b><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt">1) Case for reform</span></b><u></u=
><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace=
:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Reviewing and building on the surve=
y responses, the group identified the following criticisms of the current I=
G arrangements:
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">There is an imbalance=
 of power with many people and groups, particularly from the global south, =
feeling marginalised.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;=
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:norm=
al;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; f=
ont-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: norm=
al; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">      &n=
bsp; 
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">There is insufficient=
 diversity of voices, including gender and language.</span><u></u><u></u></=
p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-=
bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span=
 style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; fo=
nt-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> &=
nbsp;      
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Development issues, a=
s set out in the original Tunis Agenda, have not been adequately tackled.</=
span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margi=
n-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none"=
><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; fo=
nt-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times=
 New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">The IGF has not satis=
factorily delivered on all elements of its mandate.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Multistakeholderism r=
emains poorly defined which creates difficulty in its implementation and ev=
aluation. The term is seen to be increasingly used as a cover by those resi=
sting change.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">There are jurisdictio=
nal issues which remain unresolved. This also often leaves powerful ICT com=
panies to take important human rights/public interest decisions.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">There is an absence o=
f forums where jurisdictional issues or global public policies relating to =
the internet can be thrashed out. This means governments are falling back o=
n different national laws and technical
 responses which encroach on the global and distributed functioning of the =
internet.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-botto=
m:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-auto=
space:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant:=
 normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-fam=
ily: 'Times New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Furthermore because o=
f the issues with the current regime, many governments are pursuing/establi=
shing separate international initiatives to tackle important issues (such a=
s cybersecurity) which are not sufficiently
 transparent, open, multi-stakeholder or global. </span><u></u><u></u></p><=
p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bot=
tom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span st=
yle=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-=
size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> &nbs=
p;      
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Some governments are =
increasingly asserting a doctrine of =93state sovereignty=94 on the global =
internet.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">There is a lack of cl=
arity about how or where decisions are made =96 there is a plurality of for=
ums with unclear relationships between them.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">The internet is unusu=
al as a communication tool, it has developed from the beginning as an inter=
national medium, and its international character and the benefits of free e=
xpression and access to information
 that it brings need to be preserved. </span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"=
margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt=
;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font=
-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; =
line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">   &nb=
sp;    
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">There is a unique pro=
perty to the internet that requires global cooperation and coordination to =
make it effective.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;mar=
gin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;=
text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span><u></u><=
u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:n=
one"><b><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt">2) Criteria for Internet Governance
</span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0=
pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">NB - The group rec=
ognised that there was an overlap with the BB second Workstream looking at =
high level principles. The current suggested baseline for Workstream
 2 are the Brazilian CGI.br principles. Depending on the outcome of Workstr=
eam 2, there could be potential to unite around a core set of principles.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">After some discussion,=
 the group set out criteria that they felt were an essential element of any=
 democratic international governance system. The aim was to find
 criteria that could apply to any system of international governance rather=
 than looking for criteria that only applied to the internet =96 in order t=
o avoid the pitfalls of =93internet exceptionalism=94. Rather, in a globali=
sed world, where there are generally very
 weak lines of accountability between a government's positions on the inter=
national stage and its electorate back at home, open international spaces w=
ith broad-based participation can be important opportunities for bringing i=
nternational decisions much closer
 to citizens across the world. In this context, the group found that the in=
ternational IG regime, if developed appropriately, could have implications =
for wider international governance systems (beyond the Internet). The group=
 recognised that these criteria
 are aspirational and that any proposed reform would probably not meet all =
the criteria. Nonetheless it was found that they provide a useful framework=
 for assessing any proposed changes.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">The following mutually=
-supporting criteria were found necessary for the governance of complex glo=
bal phenomena:
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">a)</span></b><span =
style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"><b>Processes</b> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p sty=
le=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.=
0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=
=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-siz=
e: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  &=
nbsp;     
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Transparent and compr=
ehensible: it should be possible for anyone to understand how it works and =
how things happen/decisions are made;
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Accountable: internal=
 and external accountability process should exist, including a way of chall=
enging decisions;
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Effective: in that it=
 can deliver whatever it is meant to deliver
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Adaptable: so that it=
 can take account of new innovations and developments in the field.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span></b><u=
></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autos=
pace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">b) Participation</span></b><=
span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin=
-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-=
height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style=
: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-h=
eight: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">    &nb=
sp;   
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Inclusive and open: n=
ot be a small exclusive club, but open to many.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">All necessary points =
of view are included in order to arrive at good decisions/agreements
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Possessing the necess=
ary expertise to make informed decisions
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Meaningful participat=
ion: anybody affected by decision should be able to impact upon decision-ma=
king processes. The group recognised that this would likely involve mechani=
sms for consensus based decision making.
 But where consensus was not possible there may need to be alternative supp=
lementary frameworks, such as decision-making by majority vote.  
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span></b><u=
></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autos=
pace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">c) Underlying Values</span><=
/b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"ma=
rgin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;l=
ine-height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-s=
tyle: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; li=
ne-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">   &nbsp=
;    
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Human rights values s=
hould be at the core of any governance process and outcomes.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Driven by global publ=
ic interest (motivated by an understanding of the internet as a global publ=
ic good).
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><b><span styl=
e=3D"font-size:14.0pt">3) Evaluating Proposals for Reform
</span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0=
pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">The next stage was=
 to look at various suggested reforms to the current system, drawn from the=
 survey and other sources. The list of models analysed below is not
 exhaustive.  Please forgive the brevity and crudeness of the model ti=
tles and their descriptions - they are indicative only. More details about =
the proposals can be found in the sources listed at the end of the document=
.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;=
text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span><u></u><=
u></u></p><div style=3D"border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1=
.0pt 4.0pt"><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace=
:none"><b><i><u><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">UN Committee Model</span><=
/u></i></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0=
pt;text-autospace:none"><i><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Model proposed =
by the Indian government for a new UN Committee made up of 50 member states=
, with four advisory committees made up of different stakeholder groups.
 The Committee would have mandate over global internet-related public polic=
y issues, and oversight of the technical bodies. IT for Change has also pro=
moted this model with the exception that oversight of the technical bodies =
would reside in a separate Technical
 Oversight and Advisory Board formed of technical experts nominated by gove=
rnments.</span></i><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-a=
utospace:none"><i><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span></i><u></u>=
<u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b><i><u><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US">Multi-stakeholder Internet Po=
licy Council (as proposed by Jeremy Malcolm)</span></u></i></b><u></u><u></=
u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style=
=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US">A new multi-stakeholder internet polic=
y council (MIPC) under the auspices of the IGF. MIPC would be made up of eq=
ual numbers from civil society, private sector,
 government and technical/academic communities, and observers from internat=
ional organisations). The MIPC would take up issues forwarded to it by roug=
h consensus in IGF plenaries. The MIPC would attempt to agree, by rough con=
sensus, an IGF recommendation on
 that issue. The recommendations would be non-binding, but could call for t=
he development of binding rules by other institutions where appropriate, wh=
ich would generally be at the national level. 
</span></i><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0=
001pt"><b><i><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US"> </span><=
/i></b><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001p=
t"><b><i><u><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US">Multi-stakehold=
er Internet Policy Council (as proposed by Wolfgang Kleinwachter)</span></u=
></i></b><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.000=
1pt"><i><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US">A new multi-stakeho=
lder internet policy council (MIPOC) attached to the IGF. MIPOC could be co=
mposed similarly to the WG on Enhanced Cooperation. The MIPOC would
 be a coordinating body =96 identifying issues raised at the IGF and recomm=
ending an appropriate mechanism to address those issues, either a pre-exist=
ing mechanism (e.g. an intergovernmental organisation, a technical organisa=
tion, a combination) or a new one.
 New mechanisms could be ad hoc multistakeholder working groups with mandat=
es to address specific issues by rough consensus.
</span></i><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0=
001pt"><b><i><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US"> </span><=
/i></b><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001p=
t"><b><i><u><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US">Distributed Mul=
ti-stakeholder Processes Model (as proposed by Internet Democracy Project)<=
/span></u></i></b><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0=
001pt"><i><span style=3D"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" lang=3D"EN-US">=
This model also envisions a coordinating body on the lines of the MIPOC mod=
el above, however the coordinating body would be housed in the CSTD instead=
 of
 the IGF. The function of the IGF would in this model be one of a clearing =
house only. In addition, this model suggests that, where possible, the WSIS=
 action lines should be taken as a guideline for deciding which pre-existin=
g institution has a mandate covering
 a specific internet issue. Once an appropriate institution is identified, =
this institution would then be responsible for developing an appropriate mu=
lti-stakeholder process to respond to that issue.</span></i><u></u><u></u><=
/p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b><i><span style=
=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US"> </span></i></b><u></u><u></u></p=
><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b><i><u><span style=
=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US">Self-forming multi-stakeholder issue p=
rocesses (as demonstrated by Internet & Jurisdiction Project)
</span></u></i></b><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-b=
ottom:.0001pt"><i><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US">Processes=
 can self-create to develop voluntary solutions to specific internet issues=
. Similarly to the model for adoption of technical standards: the better a
 solution the more likely it is to be adopted. For higher likelihood of vol=
untary adoption, these processes should involve experts and powerful player=
s, such as key governments. However, the Internet & Jurisdiction Projec=
t=92s model appears to be more of a =91proof
 of concept=92 that could feasibly be institutionalized within one of the m=
odels outlined above.
</span></i><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0=
001pt"><i><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt" lang=3D"EN-US"> </span></i>=
<u></u><u></u></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;te=
xt-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span><u></u><u>=
</u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:non=
e"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Looking at the UN Committee model and a=
pplying the criteria above, the model has real strengths in the clarity of =
process and therefore enabling anyone to understand
 how it works and how things happen/decisions are made. It could also meet =
the effectiveness criteria in terms of coming up with detailed policy recom=
mendations. On the other hand, its proposed mandate seemed very broad and m=
ore clarification is needed about
 potential clashes with existing mandates, such as that of the ITU or UNESC=
O. As a UN Committee with a central role for governments, and based on expe=
rience of similar bodies, there is a real risk it would be dominated by geo=
-political interests. As a single
 body with oversight =96 potentially =96 of all public policy issues relate=
d to the internet, the group felt there was a risk that the body would not =
have the requisite expertise to make informed decisions across all issues. =
While it could draw upon the work of
 advisory groups, it was unclear how they would be composed and whether any=
 fixed group of people would have the capability to tackle a wide range of =
policy issues. The advisory nature of the stakeholder groups would also cre=
ate risks that those impacted by
 decisions would not necessarily be able to help shape them. Furthermore th=
ere was a question over the feasibility (time-wise) of a single group respo=
nding to all issues, particularly as it is envisaged meeting just a few tim=
es per year.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Other proposals for re=
form, while varied in their level of centralisation, suggest a greater role=
 for non-governmental stakeholder groups. All of these models seem
 to envision the IGF playing a more or less central role as a clearing hous=
e for identifying issues which need tackling and for each issue process to =
inform, engage and be accountable to a wider Internet community. One advant=
age of these models was seen to
 be the possibility for enabling pathways from the national through regiona=
l to global level discussion and back down by tying all processes to a wide=
r discussion at the IGFs. Another advantage was seen to be that building on=
 the strengths of the IGF could
 foster openness, inclusivity and accountability to the wider internet comm=
unity.  There were, however, concerns given that the IGF hasn=92t sati=
sfactorily delivered on all elements of its mandate.  For example, sho=
uld the MIPC/MIPOC models derive their mandate
 and agenda from IGF discussions =96 this would require a more output-orien=
ted IGF. Thus, improving the IGF was seen as critical to instituting these =
models.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">A key feature of most =
of the above models, which the group strongly supported, was the introducti=
on of a new coordinating function in the current internet governance
 regime. The multi-stakeholder makeup of the coordinating body was also str=
ongly supported by the group.  The advantage of these models was seen =
to be the fact that they would provide greater clarity (compared to the cur=
rent situation) about how public policy
 issues are addressed.  </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:1=
2.0pt">In looking at these models, they also all maintain a distributed app=
roach where many institutions are involved in different aspects of internet=
-related public policy.
 The group specifically supported the concept of maintaining/instituting se=
parate processes for separate issues for several reasons. Distributing powe=
r was seen as protection against power-grabs, which many saw as the main co=
ncern with the more centralised
 approach in the </span>UN Committee model <span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"=
>=96 and to a lesser extent Jeremy=92s MIPC model. 
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">A distributed model wa=
s seen as having the advantage of drawing in expertise as necessary based o=
n the issue at hand, and of being more dynamic and adaptable given
 the fast-changing internet environment. However, a degree of institutional=
isation of any distributed model was seen to be essential to counteract pow=
er imbalances. For example, self-forming multi-stakeholder processes are li=
kely to disadvantage those without
 power and resources.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">=
There were, however, questions about the effectiveness of the distributed m=
odels as they retain some of the challenges of the current regime. The UN C=
ommittee model
 was more similar to existing governance frameworks making it easier to und=
erstand. The other models involve new and innovative ways of working. The g=
roup felt that the Internet & Jurisdiction project may be a useful test=
 bed for the modalities of such an approach.<s></s></span><u></u><u></u></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><b><=
span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt"> </span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><b><span styl=
e=3D"font-size:14.0pt">4) Existing Institutions</span></b><u></u><u></u></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">The group looked at a strand of suggestions ar=
ound sustaining the current structures, particularly the IGF and ICANN, but=
 reforming them to an extent that would
 allow issues with the current system to be sufficiently addressed. NB thes=
e reforms could happen alongside the ideas above considering the overall go=
vernance regime.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"te=
xt-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span></b><u>=
</u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-autospace:none"><b><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">IGF
</span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-autospace=
:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">The group looked at proposals for i=
mproving the IGF (see list of sources below). There were a number of areas =
where necessary reforms were identified:
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Providing stronger le=
adership;</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-botto=
m:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-auto=
space:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant:=
 normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-fam=
ily: 'Times New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">A better funded and s=
upported secretariat;</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;=
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:norm=
al;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; f=
ont-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: norm=
al; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">      &n=
bsp; 
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Stronger links betwee=
n the IGF (and discussions at the IGF) and all spaces involved in the dispe=
rsed internet governance system;</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin=
-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-=
height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style=
: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-h=
eight: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">    &nb=
sp;   
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Clearing house functi=
on;</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;=
margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:=
none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: norma=
l; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: '=
Times New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">More output-orientate=
d; </span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;=
margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:=
none"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: norma=
l; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: '=
Times New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Connecting the global=
 annual IGF to a more structured series of national and regional IGFs to en=
sure that this is a clear path for issues of concern raised at a national a=
nd regional level finding their way
 to global consideration and back down to the regional and national levels;=
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;mar=
gin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:non=
e"><span><span>=B7<span style=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; =
font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Tim=
es New Roman';">        
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Widening participatio=
n (esp. unrepresented e.g. global south governments and civil society, high=
 level policy-makers, staff of all institutions involved in internet-relate=
d policy making, small to medium businesses);</span><u></u><u></u></p><p st=
yle=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:=
.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none"><span><span>=B7<span style=
=3D"font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-siz=
e: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  &=
nbsp;     
</span></span></span><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Reforming the Multist=
akeholder Advisory Group.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0p=
t"> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-to=
p:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">ICANN
</span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0=
pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">In the case of ICA=
NN, the group felt that globalising ICANN (including removing the privilege=
 of the US which was seen as  important though largely symbolic) remai=
ns
 an issue to be resolved as it might involve both location and structure.&n=
bsp; However, the group felt that it was necessary to examine closely the d=
ifferent options - and timeframes - for doing so in order to determine thei=
r potential risks and suggest appropriate
 solutions. Article 19 agreed to co-ordinate further work on this issue.</s=
pan><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text=
-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt"> </span></b><u></=
u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospac=
e:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt">5) Preliminary conclusions
</span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0=
pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">From the response =
to the survey and by analysing various alternative models using the criteri=
a set out above, there seems to be potential to come to a rough consensus
 combining a number of ideas commanding broad support among civil society. =
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-autospace:non=
e"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:36.0pt;text-autospace:none"><u><span st=
yle=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Dispersed vs. centralised</span></u><u></u><u></u>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><=
span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">A key point was whether a single decision m=
aking space would be more appropriate versus a dispersed system whereby the=
 right kind of expertise could be assembled
 issue by issue. A centralised system could be easier to navigate but a dis=
persed system had fewer risks for political or corporate capture and enable=
d issue-based expertise (including from civil society) to engage on specifi=
c issues.
<b>On balance we felt the risk/benefit of both approaches weighed more on t=
he side of a dispersed model of governance</b>.
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-autospace:non=
e"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0=
pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-autospace:none"><u><span style=3D"font-size:1=
2.0pt">Broad participation & role of reformed IGF</span></u><u></u><u><=
/u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none=
"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Another key point of agreement was in lo=
oking for ways to involve as broad as possible communities in internet gove=
rnance. The IGF was seen as an important space
 for achieving this. For instance, a reformed IGF could act as a central sp=
ace for learning about and feeding into all internet-related public policie=
s within a dispersed system.
<b>The reform could entail: a stronger leadership, a better supported secre=
tariat, stronger links between the IGF and all other internet-related polic=
y-making spaces, a strong link to national and regional IGFs, more output-o=
rientated, widening participation
 and reforming the MAG.</b> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </spa=
n><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin=
-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-autospace:none"><=
u><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">A new co-ordinating function</span></u><=
u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-auto=
space:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">There was general interest in =
the idea of creating a new coordinating function to facilitate the coherenc=
e and effectiveness of internet-related policy making within
 a distributed model. All agreed that the coordinating group should be mult=
i-stakeholder but there was no decision on where that group should be const=
ituted (e.g. at the CSTD or attached to the IGF).
<b>A new coordinating function is needed. More discussion is needed about t=
he form, location and processes by which that function is exercised.
</b></span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:36=
.0pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> </span><u>=
</u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-right:0cm;margin-bott=
om:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-autospace:none"><u><sp=
an style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">Issue-specific multistakeholder working group=
s </span></u><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5=
.0pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">When a new issue=
 arises that needs a policy response, there was broad agreement that these =
should be resolved through ad hoc multi-stakeholder working groups were
 developed to deal with specific issues. There wasn=92t a decision yet on w=
here/how those working groups should be formed (i.e. by different instituti=
ons with mandate over different issues, by a working group tied to CSTD, by=
 a working group tied to IGF). Also,
 on decision making there was broad agreement that the groups would ideally=
 work by consensus with the option to shift to another process where necess=
ary and appropriate (including multilateral processes, e.g. to draft a trea=
ty).
<b>New internet policy issues should be dealt with through ad hoc multi-sta=
keholder working groups which are issue specific.</b><b>More discussion is =
needed about the form, location and processes of those multi-stakeholder wo=
rking groups.</b></span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin-left:36.0pt;text-autospace:none"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">&nb=
sp;</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-right:0c=
m;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-autospace=
:none"><u><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">ICANN reform</span></u><u></u><u=
></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:no=
ne"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">A reformed ICANN =96 details to be =
worked on further.</span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:12.0p=
t"> </span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><b><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt">6) Lis=
t of Sources</span></b><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"ma=
rgin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D"http://internetdemocracy.in/=
reports/a-third-way-proposal-for-a-decentralised-democratic-internet-govern=
ance-involving-all-stakeholders/" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"font-siz=
e:12.0pt">http://internetdemocracy.in/reports/a-third-way-proposal-for-a-de=
centralised-democratic-internet-governance-involving-all-stakeholders/</spa=
n></a><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D"http:=
//www.internetjurisdiction.net/" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"font-size=
:12.0pt">http://www.internetjurisdiction.net/</span></a><span style=3D"font=
-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"marg=
in-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D"http://www.itforchange.net/sit=
es/default/files/ITfC/%20%20Dev%20agenda%20in%20IG%20200412.pdf" target=3D"=
_blank"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://www.itforchange.net/sites/d=
efault/files/ITfC/%20%20Dev%20agenda%20in%20IG%20200412.pdf</span></a><span=
 style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D"http://cis-india=
.org/internet-governance/blog/india-statement-un-cirp" target=3D"_blank"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blo=
g/india-statement-un-cirp</span></a><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span=
><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-au=
tospace:none"><a href=3D"http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/intern=
et/india-to-push-for-freeing-internet-from-us-control/article5434095.ece?ho=
mepage=3Dtrue" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://ww=
w.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/india-to-push-for-freeing-inter=
net-from-us-control/article5434095.ece?homepage=3Dtrue</span></a><span styl=
e=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D"http://www.intgovforu=
m.org/contributions/IETF-as-model.pdf" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"fon=
t-size:12.0pt">http://www.intgovforum.org/contributions/IETF-as-model.pdf</=
span></a><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D"ht=
tp://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/a67d65_en.pdf" target=3D"_bl=
ank"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://unctad.org/meetings/en/Session=
alDocuments/a67d65_en.pdf</span></a><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D"http://unctad.o=
rg/Sections/un_cstd/docs/cstd2011d22_Major_EN.pdf" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://unctad.org/Sections/un_cstd/docs/cstd2011=
d22_Major_EN.pdf</span></a><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><=
u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:n=
one"><a href=3D"http://bestbits.net/notes-on-an-igf-plus/" target=3D"_blank=
"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://bestbits.net/notes-on-an-igf-plus=
/</span></a><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D=
"http://www.internetgovernance.org/2013/10/16/a-blueprint-for-the-future-ov=
ersight-of-icann/" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http:=
//www.internetgovernance.org/2013/10/16/a-blueprint-for-the-future-oversigh=
t-of-icann/</span></a><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> 
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><a href=3D"http://igfwatch.org/discussion-board/my-prop=
osal-to-the-cstd-working-group-on-enhanced-cooperation#-8xHg3pRMAMtJ2UVoZcs=
Og" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://igfwatch.org/=
discussion-board/my-proposal-to-the-cstd-working-group-on-enhanced-cooperat=
ion#-8xHg3pRMAMtJ2UVoZcsOg</span></a><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"> 
</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;t=
ext-autospace:none"><a href=3D"http://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/default/files=
/May%202013%20IG%20webinar%20PDF%20-%20Dr%20Jeremy%20Malcolm.pdf" target=3D=
"_blank"><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://www.diplomacy.edu/sites/de=
fault/files/May%202013%20IG%20webinar%20PDF%20-%20Dr%20Jeremy%20Malcolm.pdf=
</span></a><span style=3D"font-size:12.0pt"></span><u></u><u></u></p><p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;text-autospace:none"><a href=3D"=
http://unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WGEC-Responses.aspx" target=3D"_blank"><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:12.0pt">http://unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WGEC-Responses=
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-- <br><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><b>Mar=EDlia Maciel</b></div><div><font color=
=3D"#444444">Pesquisadora Gestora</font></div><div><font color=3D"#444444">=
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