[bestbits] [ycig] Fwd: [DigAfrica] Internet access, sustainability, and citizen participation: electricity as a prerequisite for democracy?

[Michael Oghia]

Hi Kawsu,

That is very kind of you to share, thank you very much!

For hyperlink references and the fully formatted article, see this link:
https://www.opendemocracy.net/hri/michael-j-oghia/internet-access-sustainability-and-citizen-participation-electricity-as-prerequisite

Best,
-Michael

On Sat, Aug 26, 2017 at 5:50 AM, Kawsu Sillah <kawsu.sillah at gmail.com>
wrote:

> Colleagues,
>
> I found this article on "Internet access, sustainability, and citizen
> participation: electricity as a prerequisite for democracy?" by MICHAEL
> J. OGHIA 22 August 2017 very insightful and I recommend for reading.
>
> Regards
> Kawsu
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: *chifu2222 at gmail.com <chifu2222 at gmail.com> [DigAfrica]* <
> DigAfrica at yahoogroups.com>
> Date: Friday, August 25, 2017
> Subject: [DigAfrica] Internet access, sustainability, and citizen
> participation: electricity as a prerequisite for democracy?
> To: DigAfrica at yahoogroups.com
>
>
>
>
> Internet access, sustainability, and citizen participation: electricity as
> a prerequisite for democracy?
> MICHAEL J. OGHIA 22 August 2017
>
> Democracy is not innate but learned, and access to information is the
> critical link between education and democracy. But access to information is
> fundamentally uneven, especially for people in the Global South.
>
> HRI
>
> Electronic waste: 100,000 migrant workers labour in China's Guiyu province
> break down imported computers in hundreds of small operations like this
> one. Image: baselactionnetwork, CC BY-NC 4.0. Some rights reserved.
> At its core, sustainability simply refers to the ability to live
> harmoniously within an environment over time. When applied to modern
> society, humanity’s long-term survival rests not only on environmental and
> ecological harmonization, but also on our social and cultural harmonization
> – the ability to collaborate, communicate effectively, resolve conflict
> peacefully through legitimate and respected institutions, and participate
> in our socio-political processes. As openDemocracy’s series on Human Rights
> and the Internet has aptly demonstrated, sustainability is in many ways a
> fundamental yet unwritten condition of democracy and public policy. Whether
> it be the sustainability of cities and the policy considerations needed to
> both maintain them as well as safeguard them for the future, a more
> sustainable approach to citizen engagement, the intrinsic link between
> environmental sustainability and social justice, or the inherent
> relationship between democracy and sustainability, it is difficult if not
> impossible to separate the notion of environmental sustainability from its
> socially focused counterpart: democratic governance.
>
> Sustainability is in many ways a fundamental yet unwritten condition of
> democracy and public policy.
> A cornerstone of democracy is education, in part, because an informed
> citizenry is vital to the successful formation and functioning of a
> government. Democratic citizens are called to exercise their rights and
> freedoms, such as voting, in the most informed way, participate in civil
> society, hold elected officials accountable, and call for transparent
> governance – all of which requires education and training. Since democracy
> is not innate but learned, it is no secret that access to information is
> the critical link between education and democracy, and tools like the
> Internet help facilitate these functions of citizenship. And although
> digital citizenship, or the ability to participate in society online,
> promotes social inclusion in particular, many are still excluded from
> digital citizenship. In fact, access to information via information and
> communications technologies (ICTs) is fundamentally uneven, especially in
> the Global South.
>
> Even before the launch of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in
> 2016, connecting the next billion individuals to the Internet – as well as
> the billions after that – had become a cornerstone of the internet
> governance agenda. Given that the United Nations declared that access to
> the Internet is a human right – and in many ways, a modern necessity for
> democratic engagement – a key pillar of the UN’s Sustainable Development
> Agenda includes providing universal, inclusive, and meaningful access to
> the internet, especially for those individuals who are unconnected. As of
> late 2016, more than 3.5 billion people were connected to the internet, but
> this only represents around 49% of the total global population –
> approximately 4 billion people do not have access to the internet. The vast
> majority of those individuals who are unconnected reside in developing
> economies.
>
> Connecting the unconnected to the internet presents substantial
> challenges, however, many of which are barriers to digital inclusion and
> civil participation. A 2014 study by the global consulting firm McKinsey &
> Company identified four major barriers to internet adoption:
>
> Incentives to go online;
>
> Low incomes and affordability;
>
> User capability; and
>
> Infrastructure.
>
> Yet, in reference to the fourth barrier, challenges to connectivity are
> not limited solely to the lack of internet infrastructure; it also relates
> to energy infrastructure limitations as well. For instance, the World
> Bank’s World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends found that “more
> households in developing countries own a mobile phone than have access to
> electricity or clean water.” In fact, more than 1.1 billion people around
> the world still have no access to electricity – practically a prerequisite
> for internet access. The aforementioned World Bank report also found that
> in Sub-Saharan Africa, only 14% of people have access to grid electricity –
> even though nearly 70% now have access to mobile phones (though not
> necessarily an internet connection, especially a high-speed connection).
> This infers that some people across the Global South own a mobile phone but
> do not necessarily have access to electricity in their homes to charge it.
>
> Lack of internet access is especially problematic because it is a key
> driver of inequality.
> The lack of internet access is especially problematic because it is a key
> driver of inequality, which is a principal threat to not just democracy,
> but all human rights; hence, the barriers listed above only serve to
> exacerbate inequality. As the authors of a paper that examined
> sustainability and participation in the digital commons (Franquesa &
> Navarro, 2017) emphasized: “it is well established that there is an access
> gap between citizens who can afford a digital device and an internet
> connection and those who cannot. Citizens unable to access digital tools
> are too often confined to the lower or peripheral edge of the society for
> economic or geographic reasons, such as living in underserved areas without
> access to digital interaction. As a result of this inaccessibility, such
> groups are denied full involvement in mainstream economic, political,
> cultural, and social activities.” Inequality and digital exclusion hurt
> democracy in general as well as democratization efforts in particular
> because the access to information along with media & digital literacy as
> well as ICT skills are vital to prolonged online participation, the use of
> vital e-government services, and civic engagement.
>
> Therefore, regardless of location, connecting another billion people to
> the internet will require more than an internet-connected device; such an
> endeavor requires significant long-term vision, investment in both
> technology and human capacity building, as well as communities committed to
> ensuring their access is useful, meaningful, sustainable, and democratic.
> For this to occur, however, such communities must be invested in the
> process of connectivity – from energy access and network set up and
> maintenance, to engagement with local officials and building skills – as
> well as leading this process based on their own needs, context, and
> developmental challenges.
>
> From sustainable development to sustainable access
>
> Cyber cafe in Venezuela, 2006. Image: Beatrice Murch, CC BY-NC 2.0. Some
> rights reserved.
> Sustainable development has been a major focus of international public
> policy since the 1990s, and identifies three primary objectives for human
> development: economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental
> sustainability. Only by pursuing these three elements together can the
> world achieve “development that meets the needs of the present without
> compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
>
> One of the key enablers of sustainable development is the ability to
> access information, largely through the proliferation of ICTs. Much of the
> role of ICTs in sustainable development has centered on the concept of
> information and communications technology for development (ICT4D) in order
> to catalyze social and economic changes, fulfill the universal right to
> information, and close the digital divide. For instance, the effective use
> of ICTs already plays an essential role in helping the world achieve the
> energy transformation that is necessary to continue to drive progress.
> While the potential gains from technological progress for workers and
> consumers in developing countries are large, not everyone stands to benefit
> automatically, however, women in particular. Only by improving internet
> access, basic literacy, and updating skill and training systems will the
> benefits be realized and broadly shared, as well as bridge the gender gap
> to Internet access, which is why ICT4D has a prominent role within the
> development community.
>
> The literature, however, too often ignores one factor in discussions of
> ICTs’ importance and employment: electricity.
> Firmly linked to the SDGs as well, ICT4D largely focuses on how ICTs can
> address developmental challenges by improving well-being, and aiding in
> information management, monitoring weather, climate, agricultural, or other
> data sources. ICT4D also plays an important role in facilitating democratic
> processes and civic participation, as ICTs are critical to identifying
> resources and mapping patterns for better decision-making or public action,
> and raising the standard of living by facilitating access to information,
> e-government services, e-commerce, and e-health services, among many
> others. While such outcomes are well-intended and often positive, a
> significant drawback is that ICT4D does not necessarily include either
> sustainability as a core component and/or address energy access as a
> required prerequisite. In fact, as one study noted: “A growing body of
> literature that extols the ability of ICTs to enhance well-being in
> developing countries tends to focus on long run institutional and
> socio-economic changes as key to driving internet uptake. The literature,
> however, too often ignores one factor in discussions of ICTs’ importance
> and employment: electricity. Overlooking the centrality of electricity to
> any ICT4D initiative has enormous consequences; countless initiatives have
> failed to consider the (in)ability to power the technology that is central
> to such development efforts.”
>
> Moreover, ICT4D solutions have the potential to harm the environment and
> communities by generating electronic waste (e-waste) and greenhouse gas
> (GHG) emissions even though it is meant to reduce such waste and pollution.
> As the Internet Society (ISOC) highlighted: “[The] environmental impacts of
> the Internet are crucial to sustainability. The Internet enables
> environmentally positive energy savings through improved efficiency,
> virtualization of goods and services, and smart systems to manage
> productive processes. However, ICTs are also the fastest growing source of
> physical waste and greenhouse gas emissions. Their impact will increase as
> cloud computing and the internet of things (IoT) become more widespread.”
>
> Thus, we cannot legitimately discuss internet access without addressing
> sustainability. In order to do so, however, a necessary step must be to
> shift the discourse from ICT4D to ICT for sustainability (ICT4S), which
> integrates sustainability more prominently to better reflect the
> aforementioned pillars of sustainable development – especially as it
> relates to how ICT4D will evolve in terms of priorities and practice in the
> post-World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) 10-year review period.
> Stakeholders from across the internet ecosystem are already progressing
> this transition by focusing on or incorporating sustainability into their
> research, advocacy, and policy development processes. These include
> organizations and initiatives from the private sector (e.g., the Global
> e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI)), governments (e.g., International
> Telecommunications Union (ITU) Study Group 5), the technical community
> (e.g., ISOC), civil society (e.g., the Association for Progressive
> Communications (APC)), and academia, including an entire community of
> researchers and academics dedicated to sustainable ICT research. Clearly,
> sustainable access is not an entirely new concept per se, but these
> stakeholders have underpinned and helped frame it within the sustainable
> development and internet governance agendas. Moreover, by more formally
> linking ICTs with sustainability, we can more accurately assess how they
> impact communities and developmental outcomes, help address urgent, global
> threats such as climate change, as well as whether ICT adoption is
> sustained over time.
>
> Defining sustainable access
> Considering the shortcomings of existing frameworks and the necessity to
> improve the multiple components that drive the successful adoption of
> internet access, sustainable access refers to the ability for any user to
> connect to the internet and then stay connected over time. This term was
> formulated during a roundtable workshop that was held during the 2017
> European Dialogue on Internet Governance (EuroDIG), subsequently expanded
> on as it relates to its benefits for internet-related businesses, and is
> meant to transcend the important yet relatively narrow environmental or
> energy components and how they connect to global challenges such as climate
> change. Instead – and similar to how sustainable development is meant to
> focus on more than just the environment by broadly addressing social,
> cultural, and economic considerations as well – sustainable access
> encompasses various aspects of the relationship between technology,
> society, and the environment, including:
>
> The need for robust and reliable infrastructure, such as fiber optics,
> internet exchange points (IXPs), high-speed connectivity, Domain Name
> System (DNS) root server mirrors, and dependable electrical power sources;
> The kind of energy supplying critical internet infrastructure, cooling
> servers, and powering ICTs;
> How much power ICTs are consuming, how such power is being generated, and
> the energy costs of data generation, storage, and transit;
> The sourcing, manufacturing, and recyclability of internet-connected
> devices/ICTs, as well as industry-related practices such as planned
> obsolesce;
> Human-centric needs and skills, such as media & digital literacy and ICT
> skills, internationalized domain names (IDNs), easy-to-use and affordable
> services, local, relevant, and multilingual content, and community-led
> networking (community networks);
> Digital pollution, the availability of resources such as radio spectrum,
> Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and Autonomous System (AS) numbers, the
> implementation of IP version 6 (IPv6);
> And lastly, the ecological impact the digital world is having, such as the
> impact of e-waste on both the environment and communities, the
> proliferation of “space junk,” such as defunct satellites or other objects
> in low-Earth orbit that pose a significant hazard to satellite
> infrastructure and telecommunications, and the relationship between climate
> change and the internet/ICTs.
> Each of these components of sustainable access is meant to address a
> larger gap in current practices vis-à-vis development and ICTs – i.e., that
> facilitating access to the internet and expanding connectivity in general
> must be a seen as a holistic, interconnected process involving multiple
> stakeholders. This it is vital this process catalyzes a paradigm shift that
> integrates sustainability into its core, from the manufacturing process of
> an internet-connected device and building a network, to the skills needed
> to successfully participate in the information society and how to
> effectively maintain, repair, and recycle ICTs. The logic behind
> sustainable access also takes into account the regulatory, legal, and
> policy requirements needed to enable real-world action on the ground in
> local communities as well as regionally and globally.
>
> Energy sustainability amid data growth
>
> Image: Nicolas Nova, CC BY-NC 2.0. Some rights reserved.
> Although rather axiomatic, universal access to affordable, reliable, and
> modern energy sources is critical to sustainable development. In fact, “two
> of the main problems in the realization of sustainable development are a
> comprehensive energy supply and the consequences related to energy use.”
> This is not surprising since, energy – electricity in particular – is
> crucial to improving the standard of living for people in low- and
> middle-income countries, and modern energy services are central to the
> economic development of a country and to the welfare of its citizens.
>
> The rapid growth of remote digital sensors has the potential to bring
> unprecedented and, in principle, almost unlimited rises in energy consumed
> by smart technologies.
> Yet, since constant, reliable electricity is needed to power
> telecommunications infrastructure, internet access itself will not be
> sustainable without a sustainable energy source. Thus, what is notably
> absent from the current discussions surrounding energy and the internet is
> how the growth and proliferation of ICTs will affect the amount of energy
> needed to power them. It is estimated that ICTs account for around 10% of
> global electricity use, and are responsible for approximately 2-3% of all
> annual GHG emissions. It is clear, however, that data use and generation is
> rising exponentially, which has a direct impact on energy. In fact,
> researchers from Lancaster University in the U.K. warned that the rapid
> growth of remote digital sensors and devices connected to the internet and
> the internet of things (IoT) has the potential to bring unprecedented and,
> in principle, almost unlimited rises in energy consumed by smart
> technologies. Simply consider that current estimates place the growth of
> the IoT at a staggering 20.4 billion devices by 2020, which is the
> conservative figure – some estimates place it much higher. Moreover,
> according to Lancaster University: “The increase in data use has brought
> with it an associated rise in energy use, despite improvements in energy
> efficiencies. Current estimates suggest the internet accounts for 5% of
> global electricity use but is growing faster, at 7% a year, than total
> global energy consumption at 3%. Some predictions claim information
> technologies could account for as much as 20% of total energy use by 2030.
>
> Additionally, when considering connecting the next billion internet users,
> it is equality important to consider the devices they will connect with.
> How are these devices going to be manufactured and eventually recycled (or
> will they simply be discarded)? Given that the internet and ICTs are using
> more and more energy, what kind of energy is going to power the data
> centers and other critical internet infrastructure feeding our increasingly
> data-hungry habits? How do we satisfy growing energy demand in general, and
> mitigate machine-to-machine (M2M), ICT, and data transit energy
> consumption, which is rising as well, in particular? And what about other
> related aspects of technology, such as the growing amount of natural
> resources like purified water needed to manufacture semiconductors, or
> whether or not the minerals in internet-connected devices are mined from
> conflict zones – only to be shipped back one day to be dumped in a slum?
> These are but a few of the myriad questions that are going unanswered, but
> ultimately, with more data comes more energy consumption and a greater
> impact on the environment. Simply put, we are reaching a point in our
> civilizational arc where we can no longer ignore that digital technology
> has a significant ecological footprint, which is why sustainability must be
> integrated into the core of our infrastructure and ICT development
> strategies.
>
> Fortunately, solutions to such challenges already exist, often involving
> green, renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, and community-led
> initiatives – such as the New Delhi, India-based Digital Empowerment
> Foundation’s (DEF) Barefoot College, the Nairobi, Kenya-based BRCK
> initiative, the Rwanda-based Mesh Power project, Solar Sister, which
> operates in East Africa, the European Federation of Renewable Energy
> Cooperatives (REScoop), which also focuses on energy democracy, and a host
> of others – or increasing innovation and energy efficiency. Essentially,
> different communities from around the world must adopt technology and/or
> other solutions, such as policy or regulatory ones, that fit their
> individual context and needs while being based on the resources they have
> available. For instance, ARMIX, an IXP based in Yerevan, Armenia, reached
> out to ISOC seeking ways to help them integrate renewable energy into their
> operations – since Armenia has ample sunlight throughout the year – and
> also to promote green energy solutions and reduce their electricity costs
> and consumption. ISOC eventually donated 18 solar panels that produce more
> than 4 kilowatts of power to help them with one of their points of presence
> (PoPs). As a result, ARMIX’s electricity costs have dropped by more than
> 30%, and they are now much less reliant on non-renewable energy sources. In
> fact, the panels have been so helpful that ARMIX is now looking for ways to
> expand the use of solar to their other two PoPs. Their success is also an
> example of the success that can come from the combination of enabling
> government policy-making, effective public-private partnerships, and
> sustainable planning, since the government began incentivizing solar energy
> adoption and a local solar panel company assisted ARMIX in installing them.
>
> Technological interventions are not a panacea for the countless challenges
> of the 21st century in and of themselves, nor is the internet the magic
> bullet for democracy.
> Another key solution is enabling the expansion of community networks. As
> one of the most significant vehicles for connectivity, community networks
> are at the forefront of connecting the unconnected and a crucial component
> of sustainable development. Designed to be community-driven, open, freely
> accessible, and neutral, community networks provide public access,
> particularly for rural and remote communities, and are, as the Alliance for
> Affordable Internet (A4AI) stressed, “An important strategy for governments
> to consider as part of a policy framework to achieve universal access.”
> Community networks are particularly important to expanding access by
> addressing market failures or providing connectivity in unserved or
> underserved areas. In fact, “The coverage of underserved areas and the
> fight against the digital divide are the most frequent driving factors for
> [the] deployment [of community networks].” Community networks do not merely
> expand access and build infrastructure; they also foster spaces that
> encourage community and skill building, as well as technical skills needed
> to maintain the community network’s infrastructure. Such networks
> undoubtedly empower the unconnected – on their own terms, and based on
> their unique needs and local context – and are crucial to ensuring the next
> billion internet users come online in a sustainable way. With more
> financial, technical, and policy, regulatory support, community networks
> are well positioned to continue to connect the unconnected while doing so
> in a sustainable manner, and advocating for sustainable access through
> on-the-ground practice to address real challenges facing communities around
> the world.
>
> Technological interventions are not a panacea for the countless challenges
> of the 21st century in and of themselves, nor is the internet the magic
> bullet for democracy. As we have witnessed all too often, technology, the
> wrong hands, can easily be harnessed as a tool for authoritarianism instead
> of democracy. Regardless, however, access to ICTs and information have
> untold potential to improve lives and catalyze positive sustainable
> development. Simply put, the internet does not have to be bad for
> democracy. Franquesa & Navarro (2017) poignantly argued this fact,
> stressing: “The future of societies around the world depends on
> accessibility and participation – that citizens must be able to fully
> engage in the governance of the digital, not only as mere users or
> consumers. The current model of unequal access to digital devices and
> connectivity is clearly unfair and unsustainable. Too few participate in
> the design and governance of the digital world, creating an elite of
> private interests. A minority of the world’s population can enjoy the
> benefits of sleek devices and fast connectivity.
>
> Everyone is or will be influenced by the growing environmental impact of
> the digital world. If digitally excluded communities become peer-production
> actors, they will be able to build their own circular devices and
> sustainable network infrastructures, they will benefit from local
> reinvestment of surpluses, and they will have the opportunity to become
> active participants in the interactions of the design and governance of the
> common digital space.” Therefore, we should address energy, sustainability,
> internet access, the right to information, education, civic engagement, and
> democracy as a holistic and interdependent system. There is so much more
> that can be done to help people get online and ultimately stay online,
> across stakeholder groups – especially since the multistakeholder model of
> internet governance is inherently democratic and inclusive. Yet, ensuring
> access is sustainable is paramount to ushering in a better, greener, more
> livable, and ultimately more democratic world.
>
> https://www.opendemocracy.net/hri/michael-j-oghia/internet-a
> ccess-sustainability-and-citizen-participation-electricity-as-prerequisite
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> [image: --]SILLAH Kawsu
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> [image: https://]about.me/ksillah
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