[governance] Need Help - History of Internet Governance

Wed Oct 5 09:18:18 EDT 2005

For those who are interested, I wrote a History of the
Internet some time ago, and updated it this year.

I've pasted it below, or I have it in a Word document
for those interested.

Please note I've used a wide range of sources, and
that the work is mine, so if people want to use it,
please consider fair use rules. The sources I've used
are at the bottom and may have more useful
information.

Cheers
David

History of the Internet

Origins

The idea of the Internet was first discussed by J.C.R.
Licklider of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) in August 1962 when discussing his Galactic
Network concept. Licklider envisioned a globally
interconnected set of computers through which everyone
could quickly access data and programs from any site.
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) then promptly
opened a computer research program and appointed
Licklider as its head.

The first paper on packet switching was written in
July 1961 by Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and the first
book on the subject Communication Nets: Stochastic
Message Flow and Delay in 1964. The next key step was
to make computers talk together, and in 1965 Lawrence
G. Roberts and Thomas Merrill connected two computers
with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the
first (however small) wide-area computer network ever
built.

1957
ARPA formed within the Ministry of Defence. Its
mission was to apply state-of-the-art technology to US
defence and to avoid being surprised by technological
advances of the enemy following the launch of Sputnik
1 by Russia into the earths orbit.

1961
Leonard Kleinrock published the first paper on packet
switching theory.

1962
The first recorded description of the social
interactions that could be enabled through networking
was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of
MIT in August discussing his Galactic Network
concept.

Licklider was the initial head of the computer
research program at the US Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA), commencing in October.

1964
Leonard Kleinrock published the first book on packet
switching theory.

1965
The first wide area computer network was built by
Lawrence G. Roberts working with Thomas Merrill.
Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Massachusetts
with the Q-32 computer in California via a low speed
dialup telephone line. This experiment demonstrated
that time-shared computes could work well together,
running programs and retrieving data as necessary on
the remote machine, but that the circuit switched
telephone system was totally inadequate for the job.
Thus confirming Kleinrocks view of the need for
packet switching.

1968
RFQ released by DARPA for the development of one of
the key components, the packet switches called
Interface Message Processors (IMPs). The RFQ was won
in December by a group headed by Frank Heart at Bolt
Beranek and Newman (BBN).

1969
In September a group headed by Frank Heart at Bolt
Beranek and Newman (BBN) installed the first IMP at
UCLA and the first host computer was connected.

In October when the Stanford Research Institute was
connected to ARPANET the first host-to-host message
was sent from Kleinrocks laboratory to SRI.

By the end of 1969, four host computers were connected
together to form the initial ARPANET and the Internet
had commenced. Computers were added quickly to the
ARPANET during the following years, and work proceeded
on completing a functionally complete Host-to-Host
protocol and other network software.

The first message was sent between two computers at
the University of California, Los Angeles on 21
November 1969.

Steve Crocker established the Request for Comment
(RFC) series of notes as a fast and informal way to
share ideas with other network researchers. RFCs
promote the growth of the internet by allowing the
actual specifications to be used by anyone  in
college classes and by entrepreneurs developing new
systems.

1970
In December 1970 the Network Working Group (NWG)
finished the initial ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol,
called the Network Control Protocol (NCP). As the
ARPANET sites completed implementing NCP during the
period 1971-1972, network users finally could begin to
develop applications.

1972
The first large, and also very successful,
demonstration of the ARPANET occurred at the
International Computer Communication Conference
(ICCC). This was the first public demonstration of
this new network technology to the public. Also in
1972 electronic mail, or email as it is now commonly
known, was introduced when the basic email message
send and read software was written, motivated by the
need of the ARPANET developers for an easy
coordination mechanism.

Due to limitations in some of the programs already
developed, Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf commenced
development on a new version of the protocol to allow
packet switching that could meet the needs of an
open-architecture network environment where packets
are sent on from one computer to another until they
reach their destination. This protocol would
eventually be called the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). While NCP tended
to act like a device driver, the new protocol would be
more like a communications protocol. It is due to
their work in defining the Internet Protocol, Vint
Cerf and Bob Khan are regarded as the fathers of the
Internet.

US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
initiated a research program to investigate techniques
and technologies for interlinking packet networks of
various kinds. The objective was to develop
communication protocols that would allow networked
computers to communicate transparently across
multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the
Internetting Project and the system of networks that
emerged from the research was known as the Internet.
The system of protocols which was developed over the
course of this research effort became known as the
TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols
developed: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
Internet Protocol (IP).

1973
At the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA), Kahn initiated a research program to
investigate techniques and technologies for
interlinking packet networks of various kinds. This
programs objective was to develop communication
protocols to allow networked computers to communicate
transparently across multiple, linked packet
networks.

This program was called the Internetting project
and the system of networks which emerged from the
research was known as the Internet. The system of
protocols which was developed over the course of this
research effort became known as the TCP/IP Protocol
Suite, after the two initial protocols developed:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet
Protocol (IP).

In the northern spring of 1973 Kahn asked Vint Cerf to
work with him on the detailed design of the protocol
for the internetting project. In the A Brief History
of the Internet (Leiner et al), some basic approaches
emerged from this collaboration between Kahn and Cerf:
	Communication between two processes would logically
consist of a very long stream of bytes (they called
them octets). The position of any octet in the stream
would be used to identify it. 
	Flow control would be done by using sliding windows
and acknowledgments (acks). The destination could
select when to acknowledge and each ack returned would
be cumulative for all packets received to that point. 
	It was left open as to exactly how the source and
destination would agree on the parameters of the
windowing to be used. Defaults were used initially. 
	Although Ethernet was under development at Xerox
PARC at that time, the proliferation of LANs were not
envisioned at the time, much less PCs and
workstations. The original model was national level
networks like ARPANET of which only a relatively small
number were expected to exist. Thus a 32 bit IP
address was used of which the first 8 bits signified
the network and the remaining 24 bits designated the
host on that network. This assumption, that 256
networks would be sufficient for the foreseeable
future, was clearly in need of reconsideration when
LANs began to appear in the late 1970s.

The original paper by Kahn and Cerf described one
protocol, TCP, which provided all the transport and
forwarding services in the internet.

1975
The ARPANET was transferred by DARPA to the Defense
Communications Agency (now the Defense Information
Systems Agency) as an operational network.

1979
USENET established.

Early 1980s
Researchers at Bell Labs developed a set of programs
for Unix in the early 1980s that told a computer what
to do when a batch of messages landed in its
electronic hands. The programs could copy files
between systems and send commands to the next computer
in the chain. It was called the Unix-to-Unix Copy
Protocol, or UUCP.

Two other networking projects, BITNET and CSNET, were
initiated in 1980 and 1981. BITNET adopted the IBM
RSCS protocol suite and featured direct leased line
connections between participating sites. 
 CSNET was
initially funded by the National Science Foundation
(NSF) to provide networking for university, industry
and government computer science research groups.

Widespread development of LANS, PCs and workstations
in the 1980s allowed the nascent Internet to
flourish.

To make it easy for people to use the internet, as a
result of the increase in scale and management issues
that developed, hosts were assigned names  names are
easier to remember than numbers.

As there originally a small number of hosts, it was
easy to keep a single table of all hosts and their
associated names and addresses. As the number of
independently managed networks (eg LANs) grew, a
single table was no longer feasible. Hence the Domain
Name System (DNS) was invented by Paul Mockapetris of
USC/ISI. The DNS permitted a scalable distributed
mechanism for resolving hierarchical host names into
an Internet address.

1980
Decided that TCP/IP would be the preferred military
protocols in the US.

1982
EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to
provide email and USENET services. Original
connections between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden,
and UK.

50 Newsgroups in existence.

1983
Transition of the ARPANET host protocol from NCP to
TCP/IP on January 1, 1983. ARPANET was being used by a
significant number of defence Research and Development
departments and operational organizations.

1984
Domain Name System (DNS) introduced due to the growth
of the host database. The host database had achieved a
size where the storage of these hosts was no longer
possible on one computer. The Domain Name System was
developed allowing the database to be distributed on
many individual servers.

Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET (mod.*).

Number of hosts passed 1000.

British government announced the construction of JANET
(Joint Academic Network) to serve British
universities.

1985
Internet was already well established as a technology
supporting a broad community of researchers and
developers, and was beginning to be used by other
communities for daily computer communications. Email
was being used broadly across several communities,
often with different systems.

Work led by Irelands Dennis Jennings at NSF made the
critical decision that TCP/IP would be mandatory for
the NSFNET program.

NSF agreed to support DARPAs existing Internet
organizational infrastructure. This led to a formal
agreement that ensured interoperability of DARPA's
and NSF's pieces of the Internet. There was also
agreement between a number of US federal agencies that
led to making and implementing several other policy
decisions that made and shaped the internet of today.

Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the
first registered domain. Other firsts: cmu.edu,
purdue.edu, rice.edu, ucla.edu (April); css.gov
(June); mitre.org, .uk (July).

1986
US National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the
development of the NSFNET which today provides a major
backbone communication service for the Internet.

First IETF meeting held in January at Linkabit in San
Diego - 21 people attended. IETF, or the Internet
Engineering Task Force, is is a loosely
self-organized group of people who contribute to the
engineering and evolution of Internet technologies.

Exponential growth of the Internet commenced.

1987
Email link established between Germany and China using
CSNET protocols, with the first message from China
sent on 20 September.

BITNET and CSNET merged to form the Corporation for
Research and Educational Networking (CREN). In the
first half of 1991, CSNET service was discontinued
having fulfilled its important early role in the
provision of academic networking service.

Number of hosts passes 10,000.

1988
A National Research Council committee, chaired by
Kleinrock and with Kahn as one of its members,
produced a report commissioned by NSF titled Towards
a National Research Network. This report was
influential on then Senator Al Gore, and ushered in
high-speed networks that laid the networking
foundation for the future information superhighway.

The report Towards a National Research Network was
released. The report was produced by the National
Research Committee and was influential on then
Senator Al Gore, and ushered in high speed networks
that laid the networking foundation for the future
information superhighway.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
established.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed.

First internet worm appeared on 2 November.

Canada (CA), Denmark (DK), France (FR), Iceland (IS),
Norway (NO), Sweden (SE) all connect to NSFNET.

First link between Australia and NSFNET established.
Since the early 1980s Australia had been limited to
USENET access.

1989
RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeans) formed (by European
service providers) to ensure the necessary
administrative and technical coordination to allow the
operation of the pan-European IP Network.

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Australia (AU),
Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP),
Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ),
Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK).

Number of hosts passes 100,000.

1990
ARPANET ceases to exist and is replaced by NSFNET.

The World comes online (world.std.com), becoming the
first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access.

Tim Berners-Lee of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
in consultation with CERN, the European Organization
for Nuclear Research based in Switzerland, wrote the
first GUI browser, and called it WorldWideWeb with
Robert Cailliau. It ran on the NeXT computer. Tim is
widely regarded as being the inventor of the World
Wide Web, WWW or web for short.

The development of the browser meant that not only
those within university or research departments could
access documents on the Internet, but also documents
could be accessed throughout the country, and also
throughout the world, by anybody with access to a
computer and a modem. The simple operation of a web
browser also enabled users without any technical
knowledge to access documents on the web.

Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil
(BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland
(IE), Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH) all
connect to NSFNET.

1991
By the end of 1991 the Internet had grown to include
around 5,000 networks in over 36 countries, serving
over 700,000 host computers that are used by over
4,000,000 people.

Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc.
formed by General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance
Systems International, Inc. (PSInet), and UUNET
Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), after NSF lifts
restrictions on the commercial use of the Net (March).

World Wide Web was released to the public.

Croatia (HR), Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), Poland
(PL), Portugal (PT), Singapore (SG), South Africa
(ZA), Taiwan (TW), Tunisia (TN) connect to the
internet.

1992
Internet Society (ISOC) formed.

Jean Armour Polly coins the term surfing the
Internet.

RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created.

Antarctica (AQ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), Ecuador
(EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV),
Luxembourg (LU), Malaysia (MY), Slovenia (SI),
Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE) connect to the internet.

1993
Businesses and media begin taking notice of the
Internet, and the US White House and the United
Nations come online.

Mark Andreesen of National Center for SuperComputing
Applications, Illinois (NCSA) launched Mosaic X. It
was the first easy to install, easy to use browser
and, significantly, was backed by 24-hour customer
support. It also enormously improved the graphic
capabilities (by using 'in-line imaging' instead of
separate boxes) and installed many of the features
that are familiar through browsers such as Netscape
Navigator (which is the successor company established
by Andreesen to exploit Mosaic) and Microsofts
Internet Explorer.

In December 1993 there were 623 web sites worldwide
while the Internet Software Consortium estimated there
were less than 2 million hosts advertised in the DNS
in 1993.

Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ),
Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan
(KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE),
Romania (RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey (TR),
Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands (VI) all
connect to the internet.

1994
National Research Council report commissioned by NSF,
again chaired by Kleinrock (and again with Kahn as one
of the members), entitled Realizing The Information
Future: The Internet and Beyond is released. This
report was the document in which a blueprint for the
evolution of the information superhighway was
articulated and which has had a lasting affect on the
way to think about its evolution. It anticipated the
critical issues of intellectual property rights,
ethics, pricing, education, architecture and
regulation for the Internet.

Netscape developed and refined a new way to distribute
software when it made the first copies of Netscape
Navigator client software available for download over
the Internet.

ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary.

First international WWW conference held at CERN,
Geneva, subsequently held every year in a different
country.

Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina Faso
(BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Jordan
(JO), Lebanon (LB), Lithuania (LT), Macao (MO),
Morocco (MA), New Caledonia (NC), Nicaragua (NI),
Niger (NE), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal
(SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Swaziland (SZ), Uruguay (UY),
Uzbekistan (UZ) all connect to NSFNET.

1995
The US Federal Networking Council (FNC) passed a
resolution defining the term Internet in 1995. This
definition was developed in consultation with members
of the Internet and intellectual property rights
communities.

RESOLUTION: The Federal Networking Council (FNC)
agrees that the following language reflects our
definition of the term Internet. Internet refers
to the global information system that -- (i) is
logically linked together by a globally unique address
space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its
subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to
support communications using the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its
subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other
IP-compatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or
makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high
level services layered on the communications and
related infrastructure described herein.

An annual fee is introduced for the registration of
domain names for the first time of $50.

Internet access providers as CompuServe, AOL and
Prodigy all commenced business.

Country domains for Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI),
Cook Islands (CK) Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI),
Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), Kiribati (KI),
Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU),
Micronesia (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal
(NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino
(SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu
(VU) all registered.

com, edu, net, gov, mil, org, de, uk, ca, au are the
top ten domains by host.

1996
In January 1996 there were 100 000 web sites
worldwide.

9272 organisations find their domains unlisted as they
have not paid the annual registration fee.

tv.com sold to CNET for $15,000.

Qatar (QA), Central African Republic (CF), Oman (OM),
Norfolk Island (NF), Tuvalu (TV), French Polynesia
(PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French
Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi
(BI), Benin (BJ) Bosnia-Herzegovina (BA), Andorra
(AD), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of Man
(IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall
Islands (MH), Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana
Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), Yemen (YE),
Zaire (ZR) country domains registered.

1997
Clinton administrations Framework for Global
Electronic Commerce was published. Directed the
Department of Commerce to privatise the domain name
system.

By April 1997 there were more than one million web
sites worldwide and by year-end it was estimated there
were almost 100 million Internet users.

business.com sold for $150,000.

101,803 Name Servers in whois database.

Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), R of Congo
(CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM),
Guinea-Bissau (GW), Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Libya (LY),
Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS), Myanmar
(MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC),
Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), Sudan (SD),
Tajikistan (TJ), Turkmenistan (TM), Turks and Caicos
Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG), Heard and
McDonald Islands (HM), French Southern Territories
(TF), British Indian Ocean Territory (IO), Svalbard
and Jan Mayen Islands (SJ), St Pierre and Miquelon
(PM), St Helena (SH), South Georgia/Sandwich Islands
(GS), Sao Tome and Principe (ST), Ascension Island
(AC), US Minor Outlying Islands (UM), Mayotte (YT),
Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF), Tokelau Islands (TK),
Chad Republic (TD), Afghanistan (AF), Cocos Island
(CC), Bouvet Island (BV), Liberia (LR), American Samoa
(AS), Niue (NU), Equatorial New Guinea (GQ), Bhutan
(BT), Pitcairn Island (PN), Palau (PW), DR of Congo
(CD) country domains registered.

1998
In June, the US Governments White Paper that
proposed transitioning the Government's
responsibilities for technical coordination of the
Internet to a private-sector not-for-profit
corporation, which became ICANN, was released.

ICANN established by the Internet Assigned Names
Authority (IANA) and Network Solutions on 30
September.

By year-end 1998 there were almost 3.7 million web
sites and over 150 million Internet users worldwide.

Network Solutions registers its two millionth domain.

Telecordia Technologies estimated there were 30.3
million computer hosts in January while the Internet
Software estimated there were 72.4 million hosts
advertised in the DNS, 29.7 million hosts advertised
in the DNS in January.

Nauru (NR), Comoros (KM) country domains registered.

1999
By year-end 1999 there were over 9.5 million web sites
worldwide. According to Computer Industry Almanac
there were 259 million internet users worldwide.
Computer Industry Almanac predicted there would be 765
million internet users worldwide by 2005.

Bangladesh (BD), Palestine (PS) country domains
registered.

com, net, edu, jp, uk, mil, us, de, ca, au are the top
ten TLDs by host.

2000
In March there were 304 million internet users
according to NUA Internet Surveys and Bills Webservice
estimated there were 3,827,963 ISO domains.

At the end of June Telecordia Technologies estimated
there were almost 80 million computer hosts.

Australian government authorises the transfer of .au
to auDA (.au Domain Administration) with ICANN signing
over control in 2001.

aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro are
selected as new TLDs by ICANN.

2001
50th IETF meeting held in March 2001 in Minneapolis,
USA, with 1822 attendees.

2002
kids.us created by US government; implementation
scheduled for 2003.

2003
French Ministry of Culture bans the use of the word
"email" by government ministries, and adopts the use
of the more French sounding "courriel".

First World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
conference held in December in Geneva.

2004
Internet Systems Consortium Domain Survey claimed
there were 233,101,481 and 285,139,107 hosts in
January and July respectively.

The number of worldwide internet users predicted to
reach nearly 935 million according to Computer
Industry Almanac. The USA will continue with the most
internet users with 185.5 million, or almost 20%
(19.86) of all internet users. The USA will be
followed by China (99.8 million/10.68%), Japan (78.05
million/8.35%), Germany (41.88 million/4.48%) and
India (37 million/3.96%). Following were the UK, South
Korea, Italy, France and Brazil.

In September, Global Reach estimated that 35.2% of all
internet users were in an English language zone. The
next largest language group was Chinese (13.7%)
followed by Spanish (9.0%), Japanese (8.4%), German
(6.9%), French (4.2%), Korean (3.9%), Italian (3.8%)
then Portuguese (3.1%).

Forrester Research predicted that  by 2004 ecommerce
would reach $6.8 trillion. Of this, the USA would have
47% of world ecommerce, Japan 13% and Germany 5.7%.

Internet turns 35  anniversary of the first message
sent over what would eventually become the internet.
September 2 is the 35th anniversary of the
installation of the first node of the ARPANET at UCLA
in the laboratory of Professor Leonard Kleinrock.

30th anniversary of publication of the first paper on
the Internet.

2005
Computer Industry Almanac predicts the number of
worldwide internet users will pass one billion in
mid-2005. Much of the future growth will come from
countries such as China, India, Brazil, Russia and
Indonesia.

In Europe, by RIPE estimated the number of host
computers to be 11.4 million in May 2000, compared to
5.9 million in January 1998 and 44 000 in January
1991.

2007
70th meeting of the Internet Engineering Task Force is
scheduled for the second half of 2007.

References
A number of sources are used for this article, all in
English, but the most important ones are:
16 candles for first Internet worm -
http://news.com.com/16+candles+for+first+Internet+worm/2100-7349_3-5438291.html

A Brief History of ICANN by Kathleen Murphy (Internet
World Magazine, 1 December 2000) -
http://internetworld.com/magazine.php?inc=120100/12.01.00ebusiness2.html

A Brief History of the Internet and Related Networks
by Vint Cerf -
http://isoc.org/internet/history/cerf.shtml

A Brief History of the Internet by Barry M. Leiner,
Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn,
Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry
G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff -
http://isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml

Bills Web Service - http://billswebservice.com/

Cerfs Up -
http://global.mci.com/us/enterprise/insight/cerfs_up/

Clickz Stats - http://clickz.com/stats/

Computer Industry Almanac (CIA) - http://c-i-a.com/

Global Online Marketing - http://glreach.com/

Harris, S. The Tao of IETF - A Novice's Guide to the
Internet Engineering Task Force -
http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc3160.txt

Hobbes' Internet Timeline v5.0 by Robert H Zakon -
http://zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/

How the Internet Came to Be by Vinton Cerf  numerous
sites including
http://virtualschool.edu/mon/Internet/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html

Internet for Historians, History of the Internet by
R.T. Griffiths, Universiteit Leiden -
http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/ivh/frame_theorie.html

Internet Systems Consortium - http://isc.org/

Lo and behold! The internet turns 35 -
http://www.cbc.ca/story/science/national/2004/10/29/35internet041029.html

NUA Internet Surveys (to April 2003) -
http://nua.com/surveys/

Oh, When Email Was New by Chris Oakes (Wired News, 19
June 2000) -
http://wired.com/news/technology/0%2C1282%2C37031%2C00.html

Ripe Network Coordination Centre (RIPE) -
http://ripe.net/

First WWW conference held at CERN, Geneva -
http://www94.web.cern.ch/WWW94/Welcome.html

For more information on the history of the Internet,
see the ISOC Internet Histories page -
http://isoc.org/internet/history/

____________________________________________________ 
Do you Yahoo!? 
The New Yahoo! Movies: Check out the Latest Trailers, Premiere Photos and full Actor Database. 
http://au.movies.yahoo.com
_______________________________________________
governance mailing list
governance at lists.cpsr.org
https://ssl.cpsr.org/mailman/listinfo/governance