<p dir="ltr">Simple and maybe trivial question, again (since my previous one about delegation hasn't found a taker.)</p>
<p dir="ltr">Scenario 1*: I am a citizen of Togo, quite a small country sitting on the belly of Africa to the west (you may check our macro economic indicators in the CIA Facebook or from the World Bank online sources.) I am a domain name registrant. In year 2018 ICANN makes a decision, later upheld by the conflict resolution mechanism in place, but which I think violates my fundamental rights as I understand them by any international standards. I am even pretty convinced that I might win the case in a US court based on the documentation available /jurisprudence in that country. Problem is, I have no access to the institutional resources that would allow me to use the US judicial system as a plaintiff, much less the financial resources it would take to get a lawyer to represent my interests.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Is that -- the need for everybody to be equal before the law, in practice, and have their rights equally secured, -- in your view, a problem worthy of our attention? If so how can we address it.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Thanks </p>
<p dir="ltr">(*) I only have one scenario for now but I'm numbering #1 just in case others come up later in the discussion.</p>
<p dir="ltr">/Brought to you by Mawaki's droid agent</p>
<div class="gmail_quote">On Jun 10, 2015 3:57 PM, "Seth Johnson" <<a href="mailto:seth.p.johnson@gmail.com">seth.p.johnson@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br type="attribution"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">I believe the most important focus is on the question of how to<br>
install effective fundamental liberties limits in the context of an<br>
international political forum. That's how you can hope to maintain<br>
the type of stewardship context we want associated with a medium of<br>
communication. The presence of recourse of that sort -- related to<br>
being based in a national context -- is one of the main reasons why<br>
ICANN has not gone further off the rails. Same as for government in<br>
general in such a national context: we don't get the government<br>
meddling specifically because the relationship to the national context<br>
(via the bare presence of NTIA) means the people (at least of the US)<br>
have recourse against it if it does.<br>
<br>
Keep in mind that one of the chief reasons why Obama (and his<br>
predecessor) have gone off the rails with surveillance and other<br>
fundamental rights violations is because they have the notion that the<br>
international arena provides means to act that way without the<br>
recourse we have against it domestically. There's still the problem<br>
of laundering the surveillance by having private corporations (whether<br>
telco or app) do it on the government's behalf. But we see an effort<br>
at long last to try to "legitimize" what they're doing that way at<br>
least (more apparent effort to not violate citizens in the domestic<br>
sphere), because we finally got standing in the courts, and<br>
documentation that was taken seriously via Snowden. Still just<br>
domestic, so that doesn't answer general concerns, but this should<br>
highlight the nature of the problem. You don't actually have<br>
fundamental rights in the international arena, no matter how many<br>
human rights treaties you pass. That's not what secures rights<br>
against acts of governments.<br>
<br>
Note that this is stuff the UN has been utterly clueless about for<br>
years and years and years, along with many followers-on. And I think<br>
in general the parties who have been acting in the international arena<br>
like it that way. We, the people(s), are really the ones to bring it<br>
into the discourse in a real way, now that we are here in proceedings<br>
that deign to appear to engage us substantively in international<br>
policy.<br>
<br>
<br>
Seth<br>
<br>
On Wed, Jun 10, 2015 at 10:36 AM, Michael Froomkin - U.Miami School of<br>
Law <<a href="mailto:froomkin@law.miami.edu">froomkin@law.miami.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
> On Wed, 10 Jun 2015, Chris Prince Udochukwu Njoku wrote:<br>
><br>
>><br>
>> Parminder is emphasizing a true point. An organization which represents<br>
>> the<br>
>> interests of many nations, though located in one nation (as it must be)<br>
>> must<br>
>> not be subjected to laws that ought to be (and are) for national<br>
><br>
><br>
> It is, I think, possible to act as a trustee of international interests<br>
> while still having accountability rooted in national law. It may not be<br>
> possible to accommodate the desires of governments to, in effect, serve<br>
> directly on the governing body given the view of e.g. the Brazilian<br>
> government that this is unacceptable subordination to another state, but<br>
> some may see that as a feature rather than a bug.<br>
><br>
><br>
>> organizations. This should be the definition of international jurisdiction<br>
>> here. If the host nation's laws don't actually accommodate the<br>
>> multinational<br>
>> stakeholding nature of the organization, it's a ripe clue to the need for<br>
>> relocation to a place that is more friendly to the organization's<br>
>> operations.<br>
>><br>
><br>
> The above contains a term that (to a lawyer) has multiple possible meanings.<br>
> The traditional way to " accommodate the multinational ... nature" of an<br>
> organization is to incorporate it in Switzerland, and have no effective<br>
> supervision. FIFA. IOC. No thanks.<br>
><br>
> So I would ask, what is the threat model here? What is a (mildly realistic)<br>
> example of a scenario in which one fears the entity will do something<br>
> legitimate and a national court (of the US, Canada, the nation of your<br>
> choice) would have an appreciable chance of blocking it? I would note, for<br>
> example, that the only time I can think of that a US court overruled ICANN<br>
> was when it froze out one of its own directors because the staff disagreed<br>
> with his views. That violated California law empowering directors not to<br>
> mention any sense of natural justice. The result was not only just, it was<br>
> necessary. And it is Exhibit A as to why we cannot simply trust in ICANN,<br>
> or New New Co's, good faith.<br>
><br>
> In other words, I submit that national court supervision in an appropriate<br>
> and democratic jurisdiction is far, far more likely to produce good outcomes<br>
> than bad ones, while the removal of this valuable check is almost certain to<br>
> lead to difficulties. What is more, those difficulties will not be<br>
> prevented by having the body be "international" for any currently known<br>
> meaning of the term.<br>
><br>
> Contrary to other messages in this thread, I do not believe that there is<br>
> much in the way of effective monitoring of many multi-national treaty bodies<br>
> other than by action of the member states. No one else has much real<br>
> leverage over WIPO, GATT, you name it. NGOs have some moral and<br>
> intellectual suasion, but some of their clout also comes from the fact that<br>
> it influences or might influence the members.<br>
><br>
> I prefer to attempt to engineer a much surer means of dealing with major and<br>
> substantially foreseeable problems.<br>
><br>
><br>
>> On Jun 10, 2015 11:27 AM, "parminder" <<a href="mailto:parminder@itforchange.net">parminder@itforchange.net</a>> wrote:<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> On Tuesday 09 June 2015 09:09 PM, Michael Froomkin - U.Miami<br>
>> School of<br>
>> Law wrote:<br>
>> > On Tue, 9 Jun 2015, parminder wrote:<br>
>> ><br>
>> >> Are you saying that it is not possible for ICANN to undertake<br>
>> the<br>
>> >> functions that it needs to<br>
>> >> undertake while being an international institution<br>
>> incorporated under<br>
>> >> international law, and free<br>
>> >> from any countries jurisdiction in terms of its basic<br>
>> governance<br>
>> >> functions? I just want to be clear.<br>
>> ><br>
>> > I don't know what an "an international institution<br>
>> incorporated under<br>
>> > international law" is except bodies like FIFA (under Swiss<br>
>> law), or UN<br>
>> > bodies, or sui generis treaty bodies. It is certainly<br>
>> *possible* for<br>
>> > ICANN to have any of those statuses and to "function"; as far<br>
>> as I can<br>
>> > tell, however, it's just not possible to build in meaningful<br>
>> > accountability in those structures.<br>
>><br>
>> There are of course problems and issues everywhere, but it can<br>
>> hardly be<br>
>> said that UN and/or treaty bodies work without meaningful<br>
>> accountability. Further, any new international treaty/ law<br>
>> establishing<br>
>> a new body - an really international ICANN for instance - can<br>
>> write all<br>
>> the accountability method it or we want to have written in it.<br>
>> ><br>
>> > There is no general international law of incorporation of<br>
>> which I am<br>
>> > aware. Corporate (formation) law is all national law. That<br>
>> is the<br>
>> > reality that must be confronted. There is no place I can go<br>
>> to get an<br>
>> > international corporate charter, and good thing too - why<br>
>> should I be<br>
>> > able to exempt myself from national law?<br>
>><br>
>> This hits a fundamental issue - I see ICANN, in its ideal form,<br>
>> as a<br>
>> governance body, since it does governance functions, and not as<br>
>> a<br>
>> private corporation. So we need a new international treaty<br>
>> sanctifying<br>
>> ICANN as a global governance body - with its basic forms largely<br>
>> unchanged, with new accountability means (including judicial<br>
>> accountability) and not ways to be able incorporate a private<br>
>> kind of an<br>
>> entity outside national laws, which is admittedly both very<br>
>> difficult,<br>
>> and rather undesirable.<br>
>><br>
>> parminder<br>
>><br>
>> ><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> If so, that would be an interesting assertion. Now, I am sure<br>
>> this is<br>
>> >> not true. However, I am not an<br>
>> >> international legal expert and not able to right now build<br>
>> and<br>
>> >> present the whole scenario for you on<br>
>> >> how it can be done. I am sure there are a number of<br>
>> international<br>
>> >> organisations that do different<br>
>> >> kind of complex activities and have found ways to do it under<br>
>> >> international law and jurisdiction.<br>
>> ><br>
>> > But those are in the main treaty bodies.<br>
>> ><br>
>> >> And if some new directions and evolutions are needed that can<br>
>> also be<br>
>> >> worked out (please see my last<br>
>> >> email on this count).<br>
>> >><br>
>> ><br>
>> > Here we just disagree. I see the task as monsterously hard,<br>
>> the work<br>
>> > of a decade or more.<br>
>> ><br>
>> >> BTW it is a sad statement on the geo political economy of<br>
>> knowledge<br>
>> >> production in this area that<br>
>> >> there is not one full fledged scenario developed by anyone on<br>
>> how<br>
>> >> ICANN can undertakes its<br>
>> >> activities under international law/ jurisdiction - which I am<br>
>> pretty<br>
>> >> sure it can. Many parties,<br>
>> >> including governments have called for it, and yes I agree<br>
>> someone<br>
>> >> should come up with a full<br>
>> >> politico-legal and institutional description of how it can<br>
>> and should<br>
>> >> be done - with all the details<br>
>> >> in place. And that is the sad part of it, of how things stand<br>
>> at the<br>
>> >> global level, had now lopsided<br>
>> >> is resource distribution, all kinds of resources.<br>
>> >><br>
>> ><br>
>> > Alas.<br>
>> ><br>
>> >> Not to shy away from responsibility - I am happy to<br>
>> collaborate with<br>
>> >> anyone if someone can out time<br>
>> >> into it.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> And no, it cannot be solved by any other country<br>
>> jurisdiction. Apart<br>
>> >> from it being still being wrong<br>
>> >> in principle, how would US accept that another jurisdiction<br>
>> is better<br>
>> >> than its own and accede to<br>
>> >> such a change. Accepting the patently justified fact that an<br>
>> >> international infrastructure should be<br>
>> >> governed internationally, on the other hand, is much easier .<br>
>> >><br>
>> ><br>
>> > I would not dismiss this so quickly. I take a substantial<br>
>> fraction of<br>
>> > the opposition to US residual control (for that is all we are<br>
>> talking<br>
>> > about) to be tied to the US's status as defacto hegemon.<br>
>> Moving ICANN<br>
>> > to another state with a strong human rights record would<br>
>> answer that<br>
>> > part of the critique.<br>
>> ><br>
>> > In my view, a bespoke international structure is actually much<br>
>> harder<br>
>> > -- it would need to be invented almost from scratch. And it<br>
>> is bound<br>
>> > to be flawed; national rules are the result of at least<br>
>> decades if not<br>
>> > more of trial and error.<br>
>> ><br>
>> >> parminder<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> On Tuesday 09 June 2015 07:31 PM, Michael Froomkin - U.Miami<br>
>> School<br>
>> >> of Law wrote:<br>
>> >> I don't know what it means to say that ICANN should be<br>
>> subject<br>
>> >> to "international<br>
>> >> jurisdiction and law". For the relevant issues, that<br>
>> sounds<br>
>> >> like a pretty empty set.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> As regards most of the sort of things one might expect<br>
>> to worry<br>
>> >> about - e.g. fidelity to<br>
>> >> articles of incorporation - international law is<br>
>> basically<br>
>> >> silent. And there is no<br>
>> >> relevant jurisdiction either. So I remain stuck in the<br>
>> >> position that there must be a<br>
>> >> state anchor whose courts are given the job. It does<br>
>> not of<br>
>> >> course need to be the US,<br>
>> >> although I would note that the US courts are by<br>
>> international<br>
>> >> standards not shy and<br>
>> >> actually fairly good at this sort of thing.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> I do think, however, that it should NOT be Switzerland,<br>
>> as its<br>
>> >> courts are historically<br>
>> >> over-deferential to international bodies - perhaps as<br>
>> part of<br>
>> >> state policy to be an<br>
>> >> attractive location for those high-spending<br>
>> international<br>
>> >> meetings.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> I'd be real happy with Canada, though.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> On Tue, 9 Jun 2015, parminder wrote:<br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> On Tuesday 09 June 2015 06:26 PM, Michael<br>
>> Froomkin -<br>
>> >> U.Miami School of Law<br>
>> >> wrote:<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> I think that bodies which do not need to<br>
>> fear<br>
>> >> supervision by<br>
>> >> legitimate courts end up<br>
>> >> like FIFA. FIFA had a legal status in<br>
>> Switzerland<br>
>> >> that basically<br>
>> >> insulated it the way<br>
>> >> that the Brazilian document seems to<br>
>> suggest would<br>
>> >> be what they want<br>
>> >> for ICANN. (It's<br>
>> >> also the legal status ICANN has at times<br>
>> suggested<br>
>> >> it would like.)<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> The lesson of history seems unusually clear<br>
>> here.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Agree that ICANN cannot be left jurisdictionally<br>
>> >> un-supervised - that may be<br>
>> >> even more dangerous<br>
>> >> than the present situation. However, the right<br>
>> >> supervision or oversight is<br>
>> >> of international<br>
>> >> jurisdiction and law, not that of the US . This<br>
>> is what<br>
>> >> Brazil has to make<br>
>> >> upfront as the<br>
>> >> implication of what it is really seeking, and its<br>
>> shyness<br>
>> >> and reticence to<br>
>> >> say so is what I noted as<br>
>> >> surprising in an earlier email in this thread.<br>
>> Not<br>
>> >> putting out clearly what<br>
>> >> exactly it wants would<br>
>> >> lead to misconceptions about its position, which<br>
>> IMHO can<br>
>> >> be seen from how<br>
>> >> Michael reads it. I am<br>
>> >> sure this is not how Brazil meant it - to free<br>
>> ICANN from<br>
>> >> all kinds of<br>
>> >> jurisdictional oversight<br>
>> >> whatsoever - but then Brazil needs to say clearly<br>
>> what is<br>
>> >> it that it wants,<br>
>> >> and how can it can<br>
>> >> obtained. Brazil, please come out of your<br>
>> NetMundial<br>
>> >> hangover and take<br>
>> >> political responsibility for<br>
>> >> what you say and seek!<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> parminder<br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> On Tue, 9 Jun 2015, Mawaki Chango wrote:<br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> It's good to see a law scholar<br>
>> involved in<br>
>> >> this discussion. I'll<br>
>> >> leave it to<br>
>> >> the Brazilian party to<br>
>> >> ultimate tell whether your reading is<br>
>> correct<br>
>> >> or not. In the<br>
>> >> meantime I'd<br>
>> >> volunteer the following<br>
>> >> comments.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> On Jun 8, 2015 10:46 PM, "Michael<br>
>> Froomkin -<br>
>> >> U.Miami School of<br>
>> >> Law"<br>
>> >> <<a href="mailto:froomkin@law.miami.edu">froomkin@law.miami.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > Perhaps I'm misreading something,<br>
>> but I<br>
>> >> read this document to<br>
>> >> make the<br>
>> >> following assertions:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > 1. All restrictions on ICANN's<br>
>> location<br>
>> >> must be removed.<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> And the question reopened for<br>
>> deliberation by<br>
>> >> all stakeholders,<br>
>> >> including<br>
>> >> governments among others.<br>
>> >> Only the outcome of such deliberation<br>
>> will be<br>
>> >> fully legitimate<br>
>> >> within the<br>
>> >> framework of the post-2015<br>
>> >> ICANN.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> > 2. ICANN does not have to leave the<br>
>> US but<br>
>> >> must be located in<br>
>> >> a place<br>
>> >> where the governing law has<br>
>> >> certain characteristics, including<br>
>> not having<br>
>> >> the possibiliity<br>
>> >> that courts<br>
>> >> overrule ICANN (or at<br>
>> >> least the IRP).<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > (And, as it happens, the US is not<br>
>> such a<br>
>> >> place....)<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Not only avoiding courts overruling<br>
>> relevant<br>
>> >> outcomes of the<br>
>> >> Internet global<br>
>> >> community processes,<br>
>> >> but also examining and resolving the<br>
>> possible<br>
>> >> interferences/conflicts that<br>
>> >> might arise for<br>
>> >> government representatives being<br>
>> subject to a<br>
>> >> foreign country<br>
>> >> law simply in<br>
>> >> the process of attending<br>
>> >> to their regular duties (if they were<br>
>> to be<br>
>> >> fully engaged with<br>
>> >> ICANN).<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Quote:<br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> "From the Brazilian perspective the existing structure<br>
>> clearly imposes limits to the participation<br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> ???of governmental representatives, as it is unlikely<br>
>> that a representative of a foreign government<br>
>> >> w<br>
>> >> i<br>
>> >> ll be authorized (by its own government) to formally accept a<br>
>> position in a body pertaining to a U.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> S. corporation."<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> This may be what you're getting at<br>
>> with your<br>
>> >> point 3 below, but<br>
>> >> I'm not sure<br>
>> >> whether the problem is<br>
>> >> only the fact that governments have<br>
>> to deal<br>
>> >> with a corporate<br>
>> >> form/law or<br>
>> >> whether it is altogether<br>
>> >> the fact that it is a single country<br>
>> law<br>
>> >> without any form of<br>
>> >> deliberate<br>
>> >> endorsement by the other<br>
>> >> governments (who also have law making<br>
>> power<br>
>> >> in their respective<br>
>> >> country just<br>
>> >> as the US government).<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Assuming your reading is correct, and<br>
>> if<br>
>> >> necessary complemented<br>
>> >> by my<br>
>> >> remarks above, I'd be<br>
>> >> interested in hearing from you about<br>
>> any<br>
>> >> issues you may see with<br>
>> >> the BR gov<br>
>> >> comments.<br>
>> >> Thanks,<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Mawaki<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > 3. ICANN doesn't have to change its<br>
>> form,<br>
>> >> but it needs a form<br>
>> >> where<br>
>> >> governments are comfortable.<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > (And, as it happens, the corporate<br>
>> form is<br>
>> >> not such a<br>
>> >> form....)<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > What am I missing?<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > On Sat, 6 Jun 2015, Carlos A.<br>
>> Afonso wrote:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> >> For the ones who are following the<br>
>> IANA<br>
>> >> transition process:<br>
>> >> attached<br>
>> >> >> please find the comments posted by<br>
>> the<br>
>> >> government of Brazil<br>
>> >> on June 03,<br>
>> >> >> 2015, in response to the call for<br>
>> public<br>
>> >> comments on the<br>
>> >> >> CCWG-Accountability Initial Draft<br>
>> Proposal.<br>
>> >> >><br>
>> >> >> I generally agree with the<br>
>> comments.<br>
>> >> >><br>
>> >> >> fraternal regards<br>
>> >> >><br>
>> >> >> --c.a.<br>
>> >> >><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > --<br>
>> >> > A. Michael Froomkin, <a href="http://law.tm" target="_blank">http://law.tm</a><br>
>> >> > Laurie Silvers & Mitchell<br>
>> Rubenstein<br>
>> >> Distinguished Professor<br>
>> >> of Law<br>
>> >> > Editor, Jotwell: The Journal of<br>
>> Things We<br>
>> >> Like (Lots),<br>
>> >> <a href="http://jotwell.com" target="_blank">jotwell.com</a><br>
>> >> > Program Chair, We Robot 2016 | +1<br>
>> (305)<br>
>> >> 284-4285 |<br>
>> >> <a href="mailto:froomkin@law.tm">froomkin@law.tm</a><br>
>> >> > U. Miami School of Law, P.O. Box<br>
>> 248087,<br>
>> >> Coral Gables, FL<br>
>> >> 33124 USA<br>
>> >> > -->It's<br>
>> warm here.<--<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ____________________________________________________________<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > You received this message as a<br>
>> subscriber<br>
>> >> on the list:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > For all other list information and<br>
>> >> functions, see:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> <a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > To edit your profile and to find<br>
>> the IGC's<br>
>> >> charter, see:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > Translate this email:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> ____________________________________________________________<br>
>> >> > You received this message as a<br>
>> subscriber<br>
>> >> on the list:<br>
>> >> > <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
>> >> > To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > For all other list information and<br>
>> >> functions, see:<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> <a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
>> >> > To edit your profile and to find<br>
>> the IGC's<br>
>> >> charter, see:<br>
>> >> > <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > Translate this email:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> ____________________________________________________________<br>
>> >> You received this message as a subscriber on the<br>
>> list:<br>
>> >> <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
>> >> To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> For all other list information and functions,<br>
>> see:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
>> >> To edit your profile and to find the IGC's<br>
>> charter, see:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Translate this email:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> ____________________________________________________________<br>
>> >> You received this message as a subscriber on the<br>
>> list:<br>
>> >> <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
>> >> To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> For all other list information and functions,<br>
>> see:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
>> >> To edit your profile and to find the IGC's<br>
>> charter, see:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Translate this email:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> ____________________________________________________________<br>
>> >> You received this message as a subscriber on the list:<br>
>> >> <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
>> >> To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> For all other list information and functions, see:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
>> >> To edit your profile and to find the IGC's charter, see:<br>
>> >> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Translate this email: <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> >><br>
>> ><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> ____________________________________________________________<br>
>> You received this message as a subscriber on the list:<br>
>> <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
>> To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
>> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
>><br>
>> For all other list information and functions, see:<br>
>> <a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
>> To edit your profile and to find the IGC's charter, see:<br>
>> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
>><br>
>> Translate this email: <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
><br>
> --<br>
> A. Michael Froomkin, <a href="http://law.tm" target="_blank">http://law.tm</a><br>
> Laurie Silvers & Mitchell Rubenstein Distinguished Professor of Law<br>
> Editor, Jotwell: The Journal of Things We Like (Lots), <a href="http://jotwell.com" target="_blank">jotwell.com</a><br>
> Program Chair, We Robot 2016 | <a href="tel:%2B1%20%28305%29%20284-4285" value="+13052844285">+1 (305) 284-4285</a> | <a href="mailto:froomkin@law.tm">froomkin@law.tm</a><br>
> U. Miami School of Law, P.O. Box 248087, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA<br>
> -->It's warm here.<--<br>
><br>
> ____________________________________________________________<br>
><br>
> You received this message as a subscriber on the list:<br>
><br>
> <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
><br>
> To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
><br>
> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> For all other list information and functions, see:<br>
><br>
> <a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
><br>
> To edit your profile and to find the IGC's charter, see:<br>
><br>
> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> Translate this email: <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
><br>
><br>
> ____________________________________________________________<br>
> You received this message as a subscriber on the list:<br>
> <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
> To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
><br>
> For all other list information and functions, see:<br>
> <a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
> To edit your profile and to find the IGC's charter, see:<br>
> <a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
><br>
> Translate this email: <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
><br>
<br>
<br>____________________________________________________________<br>
You received this message as a subscriber on the list:<br>
<a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a><br>
To be removed from the list, visit:<br>
<a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing</a><br>
<br>
For all other list information and functions, see:<br>
<a href="http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance" target="_blank">http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance</a><br>
To edit your profile and to find the IGC's charter, see:<br>
<a href="http://www.igcaucus.org/" target="_blank">http://www.igcaucus.org/</a><br>
<br>
Translate this email: <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" target="_blank">http://translate.google.com/translate_t</a><br>
<br></blockquote></div>