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<font face="Verdana">The greatest thing about Louis is that he
created a part of what we know as Internet technology with an
outsider's mindset, key to making disruptive innovations, and he
still keeps that 'outsider mindset' young and unsullied, at 82. He
has refused to rest on his laurels, much less allow himself the
luxury to be courted by those who are globally making big on the
technology that he helped invent. He still want things to get
better, and rues the re-centralisation of power and control on the
Internet </font><font face="Verdana">through</font><font
face="Verdana"> creation of walled spaces, which is the major part
of today's Internet. As he puts it, "recreating Minitel in a way"
(out of what was supposed to be an open and end to end Internet).
The best tribute to Louis will be to take this message from him
seriously; and to put our wits and energies into re-decentralising
power on and through the Internet. <br>
<br>
Louis, you are an inspiration for all of us! <br>
<br>
<br>
parminder <br>
<br>
<br>
</font>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On Wednesday 04 December 2013 08:58 PM,
michael gurstein wrote:<br>
</div>
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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">From:
</span></b><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">Andrew
Russell <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:arussell@stevens.edu">arussell@stevens.edu</a>></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">Subject:
Economist article on Pouzin</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">Date:
</span></b><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">December
4, 2013 at 10:07:39 AM EST</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">To:
</span></b><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">Dave
Farber <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:dave@farber.net">dave@farber.net</a>></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Dave - <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">For IP - The Economist has published
a nice article on Louis Pouzin:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its">http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<h3>The internet’s fifth man<o:p></o:p></h3>
<h1>Louis Pouzin helped create the internet. Now he is
campaigning to ensure that its design continues to evolve
and improve in future<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nov 30th 2013 | <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.economist.com/printedition/2013-11-30">From
the print edition</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p>AT A glitzy ceremony at Buckingham Palace this summer,
Queen Elizabeth II honoured five pioneers of computer
networking. Four of the men who shared the new £1m
($1.6m) Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering are
famous: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, authors of the protocols
that underpin the internet; Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of
the world wide web; and Marc Andreessen, creator of the
first successful web browser. But the fifth man is less
well known. He is Louis Pouzin, a garrulous Frenchman
whose contribution to the field is every bit as seminal.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created
an innovative data network that linked locations in
France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency
pointed the way to a network that could connect not just
dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured
the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included
aspects of its design in the protocols that now power
the internet. Yet in the late 1970s France’s government
withdrew its funding for Mr Pouzin’s project. He watched
as the internet swept across the world, ultimately
vindicating him and his work. “Recognition has come
very, very late for Louis,” says Dr Cerf. “Unfairly
so.” <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">[…]<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p>Mr Pouzin visited American universities to learn more
about ARPANET, a network funded by the military that had
been switched on two years before, and which relied on a
promising new technique called “packet switching” to
deliver data from one machine to another. Chopping up
all communications into data packets of fixed size, and
allowing machines to relay packets to each other, meant
that there was no need for a direct link between every
pair of machines on the network. Instead, they could be
wired together with relatively few connections, reducing
the cost and increasing the resilience of the network.
If a network link failed, packets could take a different
path.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>But to Mr Pouzin, ARPANET seemed over-designed and
inefficient. Every computer required a complex piece of
hardware to link it to the network, because ARPANET’s
design included a connection set-up phase, in which a
path across the network was established for
communication between two machines. Packets were then
delivered in order along this path.<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mr Pouzin’s team came up with a
leaner, more efficient way to do things. Instead of
deciding in advance which path a series of packets
should travel along, they proposed that each packet
should be labelled and delivered as an individual
message, called a datagram. On ARPANET, strings of
packets travelled like carriages of a train,
travelling in strict order from one station to
another. On CYCLADES, packets were individual cars,
each of which could travel independently to its
destination. The receiving computer, not the network,
would then juggle the packets back into order, and
request retransmission of any packets lost in transit.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Such “connectionless”
packet-switching reduced the need for sophisticated and
costly equipment within the network to establish
predetermined routes for packets. The system’s
simplicity also made it easier to link up different
networks. The first CYCLADES connection, between Paris
and Grenoble, debuted in 1973—closely watched by Dr Cerf
and Dr Kahn, two American scientists who were by this
time mulling how best to overhaul ARPANET. They built on
Mr Pouzin’s connectionless, datagram-based approach, so
that concepts from CYCLADES found their way into the
TCP/IP suite of protocols on which the modern internet
now runs.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">[snip]<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its">http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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