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When the context changes so must the law. But there are dimensions
that are not fully captured... and it is perhaps relevant about
thinking about these rights in an exploratory way, even though law
requires precision:<br>
<br>
<br>
Positive and Negative rights<br>
<br>
Socio-economic rights tend to be negative defensive... that is the
state cannot take certain actions, like evicting people from land if
there is no alternative to them, rather than a positive duty to
provide shelter. This is a cold war relic in the formative years of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other treaties,
positive rights being a victim of McCarthyism, imho. <br>
<br>
What is missing in the HR discussions is the issue commodification
of individual information as aggregated (kinda like database
protection in the EU). You/we are now the product for abuse by both
companies and the USG and other governments. LIbertarians hold that
free contracting individuals can enter agreements based on consent
and that is the best form of liberty, freedom to contract without
government interference. But when there is a unilateral change to
the service companies terms of service, or a change in its business
model, this is a unilateral act, may be made consensual, but creates
negative externalities and creates social costs that are dispersed
affecting third parties - another collective action trap, aggregated
benefits for small numbers of BigData providers and diffuse costs
for many many other people. If privacy were a right, this could be
seen as a small expropriation... which is why I reject the
libertarian view of voluntrism.<br>
<br>
Just recently the US court said that human genes cannot be patented.
Knowing how useless and permissive the US patent office has been in
granting low quality patents (spurring a real problem for US
communications and information systems businesses) this is a major
shift. So why can certain forms of data and information simply not
be "property" or commodified? And if it is property, why is
taking/usurping not viewed as a small expropriation or regulatory
taking?<br>
<br>
This implies of course that the shape/design of the technology and
the institutions (in broad sense) around it be geared toward this
capability of taking... should there be a social audit of what can
be done to improve the privacy and dignity respecting capabilities
of the technology? A social audit is essential since all indications
are that the USG is going to deliver a whitewash in oversight... <br>
<br>
Have technical experts been rather lax at getting public interest
issues like this through governance arrrangemetns? And if they face
impediments in getting DNSec etc off the ground, should they nor
reach out more and build a constituency around it if their actions
have not worked? Or should we leave them in the technical realm...<br>
<br>
Just because the USG spits on its own constitution and on the rights
of others does not mean that we have to acquiesce to the
Guantanamofication of the Internet. We should decolonise the
imagination... technology can be shaped by social consensus... <br>
<br>
Great stuff Brazilians... years of US sponsored/supported
dictatorships seems to have bred a revived ethic... fabulous stuff!<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2013/06/13 08:05 PM, Carolina
Rossini wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote
cite="mid:CAK-FJAcEaHfcC5kBBFjXifN=Nx9W522h0sP8Ue2dKCb6ek_-oQ@mail.gmail.com"
type="cite">I understand your point and that is why language and
grammar actually matters in bill drafting (every verb and comma
matters!). I will look carefully at the Portuguse version and talk
to Molon and other folks about it. But I do think we have a good
opportunity to ensure that the positive side is also established.
A question to pose would also be if the Marco Civil has space to
set norms to "protect" Brazilian citizens from overreaching acts
of foreign agencies. <br>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Jun 13, 2013 at 12:57 PM, Ivar A.
M. Hartmann <span dir="ltr"><<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:ivarhartmann@gmail.com" target="_blank">ivarhartmann@gmail.com</a>></span>
wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>Oh, I see. I didn't know of this this concept for
the term 'positive right', especially if its
opposite is 'negative right', as you mentioned.<br>
</div>
Positive right in this sense is very commonly
understood as an entitlement that the state positively
do something - a provision or service of some kind. It
follows that social rights are thus positive rights.<br>
</div>
Again, I believe all rights have both dimensions
(negative and positive) and fully support the view that
there are positive actions the state must take to
protect privacy, instead of merely foregoing to violate
it.<br>
</div>
My only point is that the articles in the Marco Civil that
you mentioned do not convey that idea. They <i>can</i> be
read as dispositions that protect only a negative right to
privacy. <br>
</div>
<br>
Best,<br>
Ivar<br>
</div>
<div class="HOEnZb">
<div class="h5">
<div class="gmail_extra"><br>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Jun 13, 2013 at 1:24
PM, Carolina Rossini <span dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:carolina.rossini@gmail.com"
target="_blank">carolina.rossini@gmail.com</a>></span>
wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Dear
Ivar,<br>
<br>
I understand privacy has been traditionally
considered a negative right, but Marco Civil is
trying to change that. A positive right is a right
that has been affirmed by statute, so in law or in a
constitution of some kind, and opens the door for
claims. I also see it as a positive right, since it
gives us more control over our data.<br>
<br>
However, if you have a better language, you and any
other person, should feel free to suggest. We still
have time to improve.<br>
<br>
I will be with Molon next week, so I would be happy
to consolidate suggestions and deliver to him. <br>
<span><font color="#888888">
<br>
C</font></span>
<div>
<div><br>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Jun 13, 2013 at
12:06 PM, Ivar A. M. Hartmann <span dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:ivarhartmann@gmail.com"
target="_blank">ivarhartmann@gmail.com</a>></span>
wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px
#ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>Carolina,<br>
<br>
</div>
Maybe you feel other articles in the
current draft of Marco Civil are
better evidence of a positive
dimension of the right to privacy.
But I don't see how articles 3, 8
and 10 are an evidence of that.<br>
</div>
<i>These dispositions are all
compatible with the understanding of
privacy as a negative right alone</i>.
<br>
</div>
That is not to say privacy doesn't have
a positive dimension - I believe all
rights have, including free speech. Such
isn't the prevalent view in the US,
however. A more clear adoption of the
positive dimension by the Brazilian
legislator is therefore in order.<br>
</div>
Best regards,<br>
Ivar<br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra"><br>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div>
<div>On Thu, Jun 13, 2013 at 12:06 PM,
Carolina Rossini <span dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:carolina.rossini@gmail.com"
target="_blank">carolina.rossini@gmail.com</a>></span>
wrote:<br>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0 0 0
.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc
solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<div><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Hi
all,</font>
<div><font face="tahoma,
sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="tahoma,
sans-serif">Taking in
consideration all the recent
news, I would like to share
with you the current version
of the Brazilian Internet Bill
of Rights (Marco Civil) in
english. This is not the same
version available in the
Brazilian Congress website, it
is the final version put out
by House Representative Molon
(thus, newer). There is a
positive right to privacy in
our bill, so it would be
interesting to think if this
is the time to ask the same in
other countries. Below,
articles 3, 8 and 10 that deal
with the issue. Article 10 has
been criticized by privacy
advocates from other countries
due to log retention, but I do
feel it is something that has
been incorporated in our
culture, since been debated
since 2000 in Brazil and the
bill also requeres court order
(even before we started the
Marco Civil debate). (Joana,
in the list, can provide her
views on this) </font></div>
<div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><font
face="tahoma, sans-serif"><i><b>Article
3</b> The regulation
of Internet use in
Brazil underlies
the following
principles:</i></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><font
face="tahoma, sans-serif"><i>II
–
protecting privacy;</i></font></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><font
face="tahoma, sans-serif"><i><b>Article
8 </b>Protection of
the right to privacy and
freedom of expression in
communications is a
prerequisite for the
full enforcement of the
right of access to the
Internet.</i></font></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><font
face="tahoma, sans-serif"><i><b><span>Article
10.</span></b><span>
Record retention of
Internet connection
and access to
application logs, for
the purposes of this
Act, must protect the
privacy,
private life, honor
and image of the
parties directly or
indirectly involved.</span></i></font></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><span><font
face="tahoma,
sans-serif"><i>§ 1 The
provider responsible
for record retention
will only be required
to provide the
aforementioned logs,
alone or combined with
other information that
may help
identifying a user or
terminal, upon court
order, as set forth in
Section IV of
this Chapter.</i></font></span></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><span><font
face="tahoma,
sans-serif"><i>
</i></font></span></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><span><font
face="tahoma,
sans-serif"><i>§ 2
Security and
confidentiality
measures and
procedures must be
communicated by
the connectivity
services provider and
clearly meet the
standards set forth by
regulation.</i></font></span></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><font
face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span
style="color:rgb(0,0,10)"><i>
§ 3 Breach of the
aforementioned
confidentiality right
is subject to
criminal,
civil or
administrative
sanctions.</i></span></font></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><font
face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span
style="color:rgb(0,0,10)">I will host Mr. Molon next week in meetings at
Harvard (including at
Berkman). So, if you
have any thoughts or
questions you want to
ask him or
contributions, please
let me know. Talking to
his assessors, we
concluded that a letter
of support, or words of
support focused on how
Marco Civil creates a
positive right to
privacy are also timely
adequate and welcomed. </span></font></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><font
face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span
style="color:rgb(0,0,10)">Thank you,</span></font></p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"><span
style="color:rgb(0,0,10);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Carol</span></p>
<span><font color="#888888">
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in">-- </p>
<p
style="margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in"></p>
</font></span></div>
<span><font color="#888888">
<div><b>Carolina Rossini</b>
<div>
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<br>
</div>
</div>
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</blockquote>
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<br>
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</blockquote>
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<br>
<br clear="all">
<br>
-- <br>
<div><b>Carolina Rossini</b>
<div>
<div><font color="#3333ff"><a
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href="http://carolinarossini.net/"
target="_blank">http://carolinarossini.net/</a></font></div>
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</blockquote>
</div>
<br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
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<br>
<br clear="all">
<br>
-- <br>
<div><b>Carolina Rossini</b>
<div>
<div><font color="#3333ff"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://carolinarossini.net/" target="_blank">http://carolinarossini.net/</a></font></div>
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