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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-IN link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:36.0pt'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D'>In some cases, there has been, for example, unbundling, common carrier norms for telecom, various anti monopolistic restrictions such as allowing any compatible device to be connected to a network, allowing other ISPs access to cable you have laid, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D'>So there is governmental regulation, and some government encouragement / subsidy especially in underserved areas (rural, rough terrain, sparse population etc)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D'>However all these usually stop short at the physical layer – cabling, interconnection and such.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>There’s as far as I can see, substantial private enterprise drive and innovation on layers at and above the network layer so that there usually isn’t as much of an imperative to declare the internet as a whole a public good.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-left:solid blue 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt'><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> governance-request@lists.igcaucus.org [mailto:governance-request@lists.igcaucus.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Michael Leibrandt<br><b>Sent:</b> 26 December 2012 16:13<br><b>To:</b> governance@lists.igcaucus.org; michael gurstein<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [governance] FW: Towards the Internet as a Global Public Good: A Seasonal Wish to One and All:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Hi Michael,</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Thanks for the link. I'm not sure if the terminus technicus "public good" actually fits to the Internet. Without digging into a decade-long debate among economists, public goods are usually characterized by being non-excludible as well as non-rivalrous (the Wikipedia article you linked rightly points this out). Even if bandwith continues to grow, it will - technically speaking - never be unlimited. And as we know, bandwith demand usually grows parallel to bandwith supply. So I don't see a chance for Internet usage becoming non-rivalrous. And I also believe that it will always be possible to practically exclude somebody from using the Internet (contrary to public defense, which is often used as an example for being a public good). The important issue about applying the term public good to the Internet is, that public goods - according to mainstream economics - usually come with market failure and the need for governments to step in. To my knowledge, that was the case in the very early days of the Internet when outside of the US government and academia not many - and especially not the telecom industry - believed in the concept of a package-switched network. But today, I don't see market failure with regard to Internet supply. Of course, we are stick lacking Internet supply in developing countries, which is bad enough. But this is based on the low return on private investments, not on the two criteria mentioned above. </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Michael, Berlin </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>----- Original Message ----- <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-outline-level:1;background:#E4E4E4'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <a href="mailto:gurstein@gmail.com" title="gurstein@gmail.com">michael gurstein</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>To:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <a href="mailto:governance@lists.igcaucus.org" title="governance@lists.igcaucus.org">governance@lists.igcaucus.org</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Sent:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> Thursday, December 20, 2012 6:46 PM<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Subject:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> [governance] FW: Towards the Internet as a Global Public Good: A Seasonal Wish to One and All:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="http://gurstein.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/towards-the-internet-as-a-global-public-good/">http://gurstein.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/towards-the-internet-as-a-global-public-good/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>With my very best for the season and looking forward to a just and inclusive new year.</span></i></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>M</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></span></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>____________________________________________________________<br>You received this message as a subscriber on the list:<br> <a 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