<p><br /> Dear Michael and all</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ambassador Kramer said</p>
<p><The entire world has benefited from<br />this growth, and the developing countries are seeing higher growth rates<br />than the developed world.></p>
<p> </p>
<p>I'd be interested to have a rational explanation upon the relationship between DCs' "higher growth rates" and the Internet. IMHO there is rather a direct relationship ... with declining growth rates in Industriallized countries ! Maybe the US ambassador is just re-quoting the buzz of the World Bank that circulates since a couple of years (it's become a password in each WSIS Forum) in the UN agencies, claiming that +10% increase in mobile subscribers, sorry : consumers, means 1,6% increase of GDP in Africa. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>How happy these Africans are, thanks to mobile and the Internet !</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Best regards</p>
<p>Jean-Louis Fullsack</p>
<p><br /> <br /><br /></p>
<blockquote style="padding-left: 5px; margin-left: 5px; border-left: #ff0000 2px solid;">> Message du 16/12/12 23:23<br />> De : "michael gurstein" <br />> A : governance@lists.igcaucus.org<br />> Copie à : <br />> Objet : [governance] US Ambassador Kramer's Remarks on the WCIT<br />> <br />> For anyone who hasn't yet read this, it is a very interesting document... <br />> <br />> One quick content analysis observation--the term "free" is used 6 times,<br />> "markets" 6 times, "Freedom" once, "Internet Freedom" not at all, and<br />> "multi-stakeholder" 17 times!<br />> <br />> M<br />> <br />> World Conference on International Telecommunications<br />> <br />> Remarks<br />> Terry Kramer<br />> Ambassador U.S. Head of Delegation, World Conference on International<br />> Telecommunications Via Teleconference Dubai, United Arab Emirates December<br />> 13, 2012<br />> <br />> ------------------------------<br />> <br />> *MODERATOR:* Yes, good evening everyone. We're here in Dubai and with<br />> Ambassador Kramer. We've just finished a session at the World Conference on<br />> International Telecommunications, and I'm going to turn it over to<br />> Ambassador Kramer now to give us the latest developments that happened at<br />> the WCIT 2012.<br />> <br />> Ambassador.<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Great. Megan, thank you, and thank all of you for<br />> joining us today. I want to thank you for your attention and patience as<br />> we've worked through the last two weeks at this conference, and I appreciate<br />> your diligence and persistence in reporting on the WCIT.<br />> <br />> I also want to take this opportunity to thank and commend the ITU Secretary<br />> General Hamadoun Toure and our Conference Chairman, Mr. Mohamed Al-Ghanim,<br />> for their efforts and skills in working to guide this meeting. Our gratitude<br />> also goes to the United Arab Emirates for their hospitality during these two<br />> weeks.<br />> <br />> The United States today has announced that it cannot sign the revised<br />> international telecommunication regulations in their current form.<br />> Throughout the WCIT, the U.S. and other likeminded governments have worked<br />> consistently and unwaveringly to maintain and enhance an environment for<br />> success for the international telecommunications and internet sectors. The<br />> United States has consistently believed, and continues to believe, that the<br />> ITRs should be a high-level document and that the scope of the treaty does<br />> not extend to internet governance or content. Other administrations have<br />> made it clear that they believe the treaty should be extended to cover those<br />> issues, and so we cannot be part of that consensus.<br />> <br />> There are a number of issues that were critical to the United States in<br />> these negotiations. Number one, recognized operating agencies versus<br />> operating agencies. The United States consistently sought to clarify that<br />> the treaty would not apply to internet service providers or governments or<br />> private network operators.<br />> <br />> Number two, spam. The United States position remains that spam is a form of<br />> content and that regulating it inevitably opens the door to regulation of<br />> other forms of content, including political and cultural speech.<br />> <br />> Number three, network security. The United States continues to believe that<br />> the ITRs are not a useful venue for addressing security issues and cannot<br />> accede to vague commitments that would have significant implications but few<br />> practical improvements on security.<br />> <br />> Number four, internet governance. In several proposals, it was clear that<br />> some administrations were seeking to insert government control over internet<br />> governance, specifically internet naming and addressing functions.<br />> We continue to believe these issues can only be legitimately handled through<br />> multi-stakeholder organizations.<br />> <br />> And finally, number five, the internet resolution. This document represented<br />> a direct extension of scope into the internet and of the ITU's role therein<br />> despite earlier assertions from Secretary General Hamadoun Toure that the<br />> WCIT would not address internet issues.<br />> <br />> The United States has been willing to engage in good-faith discussions<br />> regarding these issues, and we'd like to thank and commend the other<br />> delegates for engaging with us. However, while we have consistently<br />> maintained our positions regarding the scope of the conference, other<br />> administrations have continually filed out-of-scope proposals that<br />> unacceptably altered the nature of the discussions, and ultimately of the<br />> ITRs.<br />> <br />> It is clear that the world community is at a crossroads in its collective<br />> view of the internet and of the most optimal environment for the flourishing<br />> of the internet in this century. The internet is a global phenomenon that is<br />> providing enormous personal, social, and economic benefits to consumers,<br />> citizens, and societies in all areas of the world.<br />> It has grown exponentially over the past decade and continues to flourish<br />> and adapt to human needs everywhere. The entire world has benefited from<br />> this growth, and the developing countries are seeing higher growth rates<br />> than the developed world. The infrastructure of the global internet is<br />> shifting rapidly away from the transatlantic routes that formerly carried<br />> most traffic. The internet is becoming more regional and national and less<br />> centered in the U.S. and other Western countries. This is a welcome<br />> development.<br />> <br />> All of the benefits and growth of the internet have come as a result not of<br />> government action or of intergovernmental treaty. They are an organic<br />> expression of consumer demand and societal needs, along with other<br />> multi-stakeholder governance. We have every expectation that the internet<br />> will continue to grow and provide enormous benefits worldwide. The United<br />> States will continue to uphold and advance the multi-stakeholder model of<br />> internet governance, standards development, and management. No single<br />> organization or government can or should attempt to control the internet or<br />> dictate its future development.<br />> <br />> In addition, the United States remains fully committed to the values of<br />> freedom of expression and the free flow of information and ideas on the<br />> internet. While there was no consensus at WCIT-12, the conference served a<br />> valuable purpose in clarifying views and building a foundation for continued<br />> dialogue. The United States will continue to work not only within the ITU<br />> but in multiple forums to achieve the universal goals of further growth of<br />> advanced network infrastructure in developing countries.<br />> <br />> The United States continues to believe that multi-stakeholder governance of<br />> the internet, coupled with liberalized telecommunication markets and the<br />> growth of network infrastructure in all countries, will accelerate growth<br />> and spread of the international telecommunications and internet throughout<br />> the world. The U.S. will remain engaged in a global dialogue on the role of<br />> governments and other stakeholders in the growth and development of<br />> international telecommunications and the internet sectors. This conversation<br />> will not be over when WCIT-12 ends. Rather, the discussion will continue for<br />> many months and years.<br />> <br />> I'd like to now open the floor for your questions.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Ladies and gentlemen, if you would like to ask a question,<br />> please press * then 1 on your touchtone phone. You will hear a tone<br />> indicating you have been placed in queue. You may remove yourself from the<br />> queue at any time by pressing the # key. If you are using a speakerphone,<br />> please pick up the handset before pressing the numbers. One moment, please,<br />> for our first question.<br />> <br />> Our first question is from Rob Lever with AFP. Go ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *Yes, Ambassador, thank you. You said at the start that the<br />> United States cannot sign these ITRs in their current form. And does that<br />> mean that it's not quite over and that you still have some hope of reaching<br />> some compromise, or is - you believe that proposal is on the table? And<br />> secondly, what does it mean if there is no consensus or no treaty that's<br />> signed? What does that mean? Do we even need this at all?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Yeah. Thank you for the question. So first of all, the<br />> discussions in the main plenary right now are in the final stages. And the<br />> chairman has gone through - the chairman of the conference has gone through<br />> several rounds of changes to the ITRs to try and meet a variety of needs.<br />> And that's been a lot of our negotiations that have gone on over the last<br />> few days.<br />> <br />> The version that's out there now looks like it's the near-final one. There<br />> could still be some very small ones, but it's looking near final. And the<br />> level of support from a variety of other nations looks strong enough that it<br />> looks unlikely it will materially change. So I just made a public commentary<br />> on the plenary floor to let the audience know there that we were not going<br />> to sign the agreement. And obviously, we talked about our fundamental belief<br />> in multi-stakeholder governance. So while there's still a chance things<br />> could change, I'd say it's highly unlikely. The plenary will meet for<br />> another hour or two, and then there's formalities tomorrow with signatures<br />> and other things.<br />> <br />> So what can happen is your second question. So what's likely is if there's<br />> enough consensus to proceed, there'll be an actual signing ceremony where<br />> the countries that do agree with the ITRs will formally sign them.<br />> Obviously we are not going to be signing them. There may be some nations<br />> that will take reservations. So they may sign the agreement, but they will<br />> identify several areas that they don't like about the treaty. So it's a way<br />> of expressing opposition to it.<br />> <br />> <br />> <br />> So the final part of your question is why does all this matter, how does it<br />> matter, et cetera. At the end of the day, these ITRs are not legally binding<br />> terms. They're much more normative and values oriented. It really kind of<br />> drives what the public discussion is. The actual ITRs officially don't take<br />> effect until January of 2015, and again, there's not a legally binding<br />> nature to it. But what is very fundamental about all this discussion is this<br />> is - we've had a very explicit discussion about views on the internet, and<br />> how it should be managed. And that - it was an explicit discussion on the<br />> plenary floor, and with our bilaterals, et cetera. And as you know, the<br />> divergence of views is significant. And we're going to continue to advocate<br />> the multi-stakeholder model. I'd like to think that as time progresses and<br />> people see the benefit of the internet, that the belief in liberalized<br />> markets and a multi-stakeholder model that frankly is much more practical in<br />> terms of advancing the internet, that that will take hold. But that will<br />> take a period of time, that discussion.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Our next question is from Eliza Krigman. Go ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *Hi. This is Eliza Krigman with Politico. Thanks for taking my<br />> call. What does this mean for the commercial arrangement between carriers,<br />> and specifically within payments from - or sending party pay payments, will<br />> there - if some countries ratify this treaty, does that mean they're going<br />> to then send Google a bill for sending their subscribers YouTube content?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Yeah. So, Eliza, fortunately the sending party pays<br />> elements have been removed through negotiations. They have been removed from<br />> the agreements here. So we're obviously very pleased about that.<br />> There's obviously still - you have a lot of organizations that do business<br />> globally. But the way the treaty works is there's national sovereignty<br />> rights, so countries can do whatever they want to do in their own country.<br />> But obviously we don't want to have agreements globally that set a tone. So<br />> we're going to have to continue to advocate the importance of the global<br />> nature of the internet. And there's a natural momentum where the world is<br />> becoming more interconnected, and the commercial opportunities are<br />> significant. So that's where there's a continued kind of momentum to keep<br />> negotiations going between countries, between network operators.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *Thank you.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Okay. Our next question is from John Eggerton with Broadcasting<br />> & Cable. Go ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *Yes, Ambassador. Can you identify any of the other countries you<br />> think might not sign, or is it just going to be the U.S.?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Yeah, so there were several - after I made my<br />> statement, there were a variety of other nations that then started to share<br />> their views, their concerns about the treaty. And they were either<br />> acknowledging that they would not sign or they acknowledged they had<br />> significant reservations and wanted to talk to their capitals overnight, or<br />> they identified specific areas that they want to take a reservation on. And<br />> matter of fact, once I spoke, there was a variety of nations, and I'll read<br />> them off to you here, and then we went to a break immediately afterwards.<br />> <br />> So the countries that have already spoken and we'll hear from more, but it<br />> is the United Kingdom, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Sweden, Netherlands,<br />> Kenya, the Czech Republic, Canada, New Zealand, and Poland. And again, that<br />> was just the group that spoke before we went on a break. So we'll know more<br />> after this. One of the reasons, obviously, that I put my statement out is we<br />> wanted to clearly signal that this is the United States position.<br />> There's a lot of countries, as you can imagine, that are waiting to see<br />> where the U.S. comes out.<br />> <br />> But on this issue, candidly, we are resolute on this. We had to go in<br />> understanding that we may have nobody else supporting us, because these<br />> issues are so fundamental. And fortunately, as I mentioned with that list of<br />> countries, a lot of other countries see the same issues we do.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *All right. But that's a mix. You don't know which specifically<br />> have said they're not going to sign; that's a mix of all three of those?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* That's right. That's right. But all of them - the tone<br />> in which they shared it were all concerns. There isn't anybody in that group<br />> saying, "We love it." They are all either going to be taking some sort of<br />> reservation or they're going to not sign. I mean, it was pretty clear from<br />> their comments.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *Okay. Thanks.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Our next question is from Richard Waters with *Financial Times*.<br />> Go ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Yes, hello. The fact that so many countries haven't - sorry, are<br />> going to sign this suggests that - or does it suggest that actually the<br />> trend is away from the kind of open, free internet that you've been<br />> discussing here? And particularly if you bear in mind what happened at<br />> earlier conferences in 2003 and '5 where the kind of worst outcomes were<br />> headed off from your point of view, is what we're seeing now a trend away<br />> from the kind of web and the internet that the U.S. would like? And what<br />> gives you the confidence to think that if things will swing around? You seem<br />> to be suggesting that when countries see the benefit of an open internet,<br />> they will adjust their point of view, but it seems to be exactly the<br />> opposite here, isn't it?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Yes. So first of all, we don't know yet who's going to<br />> vote in favor, because we won't know, literally, till tomorrow on that.<br />> There could be a lot of countries that abstain, et cetera. So it's, I think,<br />> premature for us to say who's going to agree or not agree.<br />> <br />> But a couple of things on this. A lot of the countries that are expressing<br />> points of view different than ours are newer and less experienced in the<br />> whole internet play. It's a newer phenomenon. The penetration rates are<br />> still growing, et cetera. Many of them are dealing with political issues in<br />> their home countries where there's political instability and there's a<br />> different mindset to what the benefits of the internet bring. So the<br />> context, first of all, is very different in a lot of the countries that have<br />> expressed points of view different to ours.<br />> <br />> The second comment, Richard, is, as you know, I've got a mobile background.<br />> I used to work with Vodafone. It is amazing as technology rolls from country<br />> to country how it looks in different places. It carries its own life and<br />> customizes to the local market. I actually think even more than the mobile<br />> sector, the internet looks different in different places from a content<br />> standpoint, an application standpoint, et cetera. And in turn, as that<br />> customization occurs, growth tends to increase. So I'm a fundamental<br />> believer over the long term you will see a lot more interest, economic<br />> activity, et cetera. Are there going to be political issues where certain<br />> countries don't want free expression? Absolutely, but if you say over a long<br />> period of time, I think people will see a lot of the benefits, and this is a<br />> long game that we're playing here.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* But as more countries join the internet, as you say, it could be<br />> that they will change the internet rather than the internet changing them.<br />> So this just might be the way (inaudible) countries that have a different<br />> approach to the medium changing the internet.<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* I don't know. I mean, it depends what you mean by<br />> changing the internet. If you mean they're going to look to make it look<br />> different and customize it to their environment, then yeah, I would agree<br />> with you. If it's governments are going to, on the long term, control the<br />> internet and decide what it looks and how, I don't know that's going to<br />> happen yet. Certainly, people talk about it in a futuristic way, but I've<br />> not seen kind of a concrete piece of it.<br />> <br />> And take an example of Kenya. I think Kenya is a great example from the<br />> internet and mobile and they're one of the supporters of our activity. They<br />> see a clear benefit in their society because it creates economic value, it<br />> reduces the digital divide, it creates more demand for services, it connects<br />> them with the world. And I think as you see more of those case examples of<br />> success, you get more and more people that say this is a good thing. And<br />> that's, again, the long game that we see.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* All right, thanks.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Okay, our next question is from Joseph Menn with Reuters. Go<br />> ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Hi, Ambassador. I wasn't tracking all of it as well as I might<br />> have been, but it looked like 3.8, the addressing thing, came out, which<br />> seemed like a very clear stumbling block. If that's right, then was the last<br />> straw the provision on countries pledging not to disconnect each other?<br />> Because if so, that sort of makes it look like the U.S. is an outlier and<br />> wants the ability to disconnect other countries in times of conflict.<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Yeah. So you know, candidly, there were several items<br />> that really were the things that turned this over. What was interesting<br />> about this negotiation is sometimes there's this impression, well, you're<br />> negotiating ten items; one or two matter a lot, and seven or eight are kind<br />> of moderate, they don't matter a huge amount, you can give and take. In this<br />> negotiation, candidly, there's like five, six, seven things that were huge<br />> issues that had a lot to do, again, with different aspects of controlling<br />> the internet, and any one of these would have been a trip for us, would have<br />> been us saying no, we don't want to do this. And so when I read those off at<br />> the beginning of the call, each of those would have been a big issue.<br />> <br />> So there was an internet resolution, as I mentioned. The internet resolution<br />> specifically talks about governance, about governments involved in<br />> governance of the internet. Now, what happened in the negotiations, they<br />> said, well, we'll take that internet resolution, we'll move it from the body<br />> of the articles which are binding in nature and they'll move it to a<br />> resolution which is nonbinding. And they said, well, isn't that great? The<br />> reality is it's still in the ITRs and people are going to look at it and say<br />> the ITU and this WCIT conference got into internet governance. So that was a<br />> fundamental issue that would have tripped, again, our position.<br />> <br />> The second one is on spam. There's a provision on spam in this. And again,<br />> there was a lot of effort to try and water it down with saying we're going<br />> to mitigate, the focus on content, et cetera. But at the end of the day, if<br />> you're saying you want to reduce the spam problem, you're getting into a<br />> content issue there. And somebody, especially if you're talking amongst<br />> governments, you're giving the government the right to look at those issues.<br />> <br />> A third issue was the issue of security. When you put security mixed in here<br />> with the internet and content, again, you open the door for an organization<br />> to say, listen, in the quest of dealing with cyber security issues, I'm<br />> going to have to look at content and I'm going to make it okay to review<br />> that content. So again, there's all these kind of circuitous ways to get<br />> into these things.<br />> <br />> The final thing is just the agencies that are subject to this. We don't want<br />> lack of clarity about the agencies that are subject to this. We're very<br />> clear on this that public providers of telecomm services should be the ones<br />> that are affected but not any others, not private networks, not internet<br />> players, not cloud computing players, not government networks, et cetera.<br />> There's a lot of players in this kind of converged world that, again,<br />> indirectly or directly could be subject to these regulations.<br />> <br />> So candidly, the decision to do a no-sign - there wasn't a lot of<br />> consternation on it. There were too many issues here that were problematic<br />> for us, and it made the decision clear.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Thank you.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Our next question is from David Gewirtz with CBS Interactive.<br />> Go ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Hi. This is David Gewirtz calling. So Ambassador, what happens<br />> now? Will other countries essentially route around the U.S. desires for an<br />> open net? Will this lead to what might essentially become two internets, one<br />> open and one closed?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER: *Well, we obviously hope that doesn't happen here. And<br />> again, from my own technology and mobile background, there's a natural<br />> momentum to players that have scale, that are first-movers, et cetera, that<br />> create lower costs, they create greater inoperability, et cetera. So there's<br />> a natural, I think, bias or advantage to that. And that benefits, by the way<br />> - we talk about Richard's question earlier about when technology rolls to<br />> successive markets, many of those later markets get the better end of the<br />> technology, because infrastructure costs come down, or handset costs come<br />> down, or unique contents available, et cetera, they get the benefit of it.<br />> <br />> Now, if a country says, listen, I want to have a different standard, I'm<br />> going to have a different approach, then they can go proceed with that.<br />> Candidly, they could still do that under national sovereignty. But they're<br />> going to have to deal, again, with a more and more interconnected<br />> environment. And so I think our job in all of this is to continue to espouse<br />> the benefits of an open internet, of free content, of low costs here, of all<br />> the things that entrepreneurs do with the internet. We have to keep<br />> advocating that, and that will create a natural bias or momentum in favor of<br />> it. And again, at the end of the day, if somebody wants to develop a<br />> different standard approach, it's obviously that's country's prerogative.<br />> But we're hoping that's not an easy task.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Thank you.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Okay. Our next question is from Grant Gross with IDG News<br />> Service. Go ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Hello, Ambassador. Thanks for taking our calls. Kind of<br />> following up on that, what is the danger of this kind of resolution now as<br />> you see it coming out? What problems could it cause, even with the U.S. and<br />> the UK and other countries not adopting it?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER: *Well, so I don't see a lot of near-term or<br />> intermediate-term risks here, because it's not a legally binding document.<br />> It doesn't carry that risk. I think we've also maintained good relationships<br />> and enough kind of openness that companies that do business abroad have got<br />> a good environment.<br />> <br />> I do think that it does set up for a much more direct conversation that's<br />> going to have to happen on multi-stakeholder governance, that that is really<br />> the only model that's been proven to be effective, where, again, you've got<br />> civil society and industry and others there addressing fundamental internet<br />> issues. And in turn, multi-stakeholder organizations are going to have to<br />> continue to focus on outreach and being global in nature.<br />> <br />> And if you - there's issues in Africa. A lot of our African colleagues here<br />> are saying, listen, we've got cyber issues; we need help with that. Then we<br />> need to make sure there are multi-stakeholder organizations available to<br />> help then with those issues. The United States, in addition, does a variety<br />> of bilaterals with individual countries to help them with their own cyber<br />> work and other issues related to the internet.<br />> <br />> But again, our fundamental view on this thing is you've got to be pragmatic.<br />> No one government can solve fundamental issues and deal with the internet,<br />> so you've got to have that expertise, that agility. And importantly, you've<br />> got to be customized in your approach.<br />> <br />> So again, to bring up the cyber security issue, when you ask a lot of<br />> countries what is the cyber security issue, at the end of the day, it's<br />> heavily a regional issue; it's not a global issue. There's kind of one or<br />> two countries there are cyber issues with. So then you kind of ask the<br />> question, well, why exactly would you want to put terms in a global<br />> agreement on cyber. And there's not a very good answer.<br />> <br />> So the net net of all this is we need to continue to advance the argument<br />> and the benefits of multi-stakeholder organizations. We need to put a lot of<br />> energy into the effectiveness of those organizations and make sure we<br />> continue to kind of build that global opportunity. So I think that's the<br />> charter going forward. And again, coming from the mobile industry, I've seen<br />> that in my own life with the associations and standards bodies that work<br />> very well in that environment. So I do think it will happen. It's just a<br />> period of time.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Thanks.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Okay. Our next question is from Adam Popescu with ReadWrite.com.<br />> Go ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Hi, Mr. Ambassador. Thanks for your time. A lot of my questions<br />> have already been answered by my peers, but going forward, what I'm - what I<br />> understand from what you're saying is because of the fact that other nations<br />> are going to be putting forth a lot of this stuff in terms of the ROA versus<br />> OA, basically my question is, sort of dovetailing on one of the last<br />> questions about the two internets, are we going to see a different view of a<br />> certain site for international, when they're here in the U.S.?<br />> And what's going to happen globally? And you mentioned January 2015 as the<br />> day when these are supposed to take effect, so maybe you could speak on that<br />> a little bit.<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER: *Yeah. So first of all, I mean on a second internet,<br />> again, anything is possible. And you see on the content side there are<br />> social media sites, for example, in Russia that are unique in Russia. But<br />> again, what happens in this space, as you know - take a Facebook, right,<br />> with over a billion users. There's a natural advantage to having that type<br />> of user base globally. And that creates a momentum for that to spread<br />> further.<br />> <br />> So I think, again, with the momentum that's going on, that it's kind of a<br />> natural that having some unique standard and setup somewhere else is going<br />> to be an easy task. There's countries, again, in the mobile space that have<br />> tried to set up a different standard for 3G, 4G, the latest network<br />> technologies - very difficult to pull off. So I don't know necessarily<br />> there's some ulterior motive at this point. We're seeing some nation want<br />> create some new effort. But we are going to need to continue to do this<br />> global outreach so we don't inadvertently allow a Balkanization of the<br />> internet.<br />> <br />> And in terms of the January 15th date, nothing happens until then. And<br />> there's a lot of activities and conferences that are going to happen between<br />> now and January of 2015. So a lot of different reviews are going to happen.<br />> And candidly, in these situations a lot of people may have buyer's remorse.<br />> It's interesting; even when we do our bilats, et cetera, there are a lot of<br />> nations that are still kind of getting their head around what the internet<br />> is, the opportunity, what are the issues with spam, and what are the issues<br />> with roaming related to this et cetera. And that's been the benefit of this<br />> conference and our bilaterals, is we can have that discussion with people.<br />> And I think from that information, that education, you get a much better<br />> outcome. And I think people will come to the conclusion that<br />> multi-stakeholder governance is the right approach.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *One quick follow-up question: When is the next major internet<br />> conference where we can kind of take up some of these matters?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Well, there's WTPF, a policy forum that's in May of<br />> next year. So that's going to be a place where some internet issues will be<br />> discussed. There's an IGF, an Internet Governance Forum meeting that's every<br />> year. I think their - it's tentatively targeted for Indonesia next year in<br />> the fall. So these happen literally every few months or so. But again, what<br />> we don't want to see is have these in the form of a treaty negotiating<br />> conference. There's a huge amount to be done in best practice sharing, and<br />> fora that talk about ideas and approaches, but just not setting up<br />> regulations.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *And then my final question: Is this conference, then, and the<br />> fact that we're not signing, is this a failure?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Not at all. It's an interesting question, because I<br />> would talk with our U.S. delegation - success - and we always set this out<br />> with the goals of our delegation in the U.S. effort. Our end goal here is to<br />> create an environment where we can say there's going to be success for the<br />> internet and telecom. And it is so easy in this setting here where you're<br />> dealing with a lot of technical rules and regulations, you're dealing with<br />> other regulators here, et cetera, to lose sight of the plot in life. The<br />> plot here is to make sure that these sectors do well. And if you can't<br />> definitively say that an ITR is going to help that future of success, then<br />> you shouldn't put the ITR in. You shouldn't put regulation in.<br />> <br />> So I very much look at this - this is success. We've had a chance in this<br />> conference to communicate what success, we think, looks like, the importance<br />> of the internet globally. There's been a connection between different<br />> countries and different people, et cetera, that I think all of that is a<br />> benefit. And on any issue that you have that's a deep kind of philosophical<br />> or technical issue, you don't have kind of one conversation and people's<br />> minds change. It happens over a period of time. It happens when you can<br />> point to success. It happens when you can say, look at what's happened in<br />> Kenya with broadband and the internet. Look what's happened in India with<br />> mobile penetration. You start pointing to success, and people say, "Now I<br />> know this isn't some theoretical, philosophical argument. This is a model<br />> that works." And so I think those things will happen. I'm optimistic about<br />> it. But it's the beginning of several steps. And so I do think this was a<br />> success, and there are going to be more of them.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *Thank you.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR: *Our next question is from Cyrus Farivar with ARS Technica. Go<br />> ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION: *Hello Mr. Ambassador, and thank you very much for my taking<br />> question. I had two questions. First of all, I'm wondering - you talked<br />> about how the United States is not going to be supporting these agreements.<br />> I'm wondering why these agreements are even necessary in the first place.<br />> As you know, and I think as pretty much all of my colleagues know, lots of<br />> countries out there already conduct their own national internets to varying<br />> degrees. I'm talking most notably of China, Iran, certainly North Korea,<br />> that has probably the most restrictive internet policy of anyone in the<br />> world. So I wonder: Why are these even kind of national-based agreements<br />> even necessary to begin with when this practice is already going on? That's<br />> my first question.<br />> <br />> And then my second question is: I'm wondering what was the role of lobbying<br />> to your delegation, particularly by corporations such as Google and<br />> particularly by prominent internet technical experts, like Vint Cerf, who,<br />> as you know, was the architect of some of the fundamental foundations of the<br />> protocols behind the internet itself.<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER:* Yeah. No. Great questions. So first of all, on your<br />> first question on the global nature, you're absolutely right. Countries have<br />> national sovereignty rights, so they can do what they want. But what we<br />> don't want over time is a set of global agreements that people can point to<br />> and say, listen, this treaty gave us the right to impose these terms on<br />> global operators of some sort. Now, again, we don't' think that's going to<br />> happen with this per se because it's a normative approach, it's not legally<br />> binding. But you sure don't want to kind of just allow something to happen<br />> that people can think is a binding term on an increasingly global<br />> environment. So that's why we don't want it to happen.<br />> <br />> Our argument specifically on the ITU is the ITU does great work in a lot of<br />> the radio areas, in spectrum work, in coordination work, they do a lot of<br />> great work in developing markets, et cetera. But in the internet, it's not<br />> the charter. It's not the place. It's not going to be able to do the things<br />> that are going to really add value. And so that's why we say, continue with<br />> the ITU and interact with a lot of other delegates, but make sure it's on<br />> the right topics.<br />> <br />> Now your second question - you said "lobbying." It's a good question, but<br />> I'll rephrase it. It's not lobbying per se. We had - have a delegation here<br />> of 100 representatives, roughly 50 from U.S. Government that are people from<br />> State Department, FCC, Commerce Department, Department of Defense, et<br />> cetera. We had about 40 people from industry, industry being either internet<br />> players or telecom players, and then another 10 people or so that were<br />> members of civil society. Their job as delegates is not to lobby. They - as<br />> a matter of fact they have to sign an agreement that says they're<br />> representing national interests.<br />> <br />> So what we did is put them to work in a couple of areas. Number one is to be<br />> subject matter experts about what does the internet look like in these<br />> different places, what are the challenges and security issues going forward,<br />> why is spam being discussed here, et cetera. And they - the industry<br />> provided very, very helpful insights, positions, et cetera, that informed<br />> our positions more broadly on a national basis.<br />> <br />> A lot of that thought process, thought leadership was then used in our<br />> bilaterals to work with other countries. And when I said that's the real<br />> benefit of this conference, we had some great discussions. The second piece<br />> of their work as members of industry, civil society, et cetera, was to do<br />> outreach. And the beauty of outreach when you get in this setting is you're<br />> able to talk to a lot of different countries, a lot of different players,<br />> and share the points of view. And that's been a huge benefit of our<br />> delegation.<br />> <br />> But finally I'll say - and I don't know if you call - it's a bit of the<br />> irony of all this is we - people said, "Geez, you guys have a large<br />> delegation." The fact we had a large delegation with the type of engagement<br />> we had is the beauty of our system - is you have a lot of people that are<br />> taking their ideas - some of them are their own self-interest, but a lot of<br />> it is much broader than that, and they're contributing to a greater outcome<br />> here. And as I did bilaterals with other nations, it was interesting how<br />> many countries I would go to where a member of industry or civil society<br />> said, could you tell my government this, this and this? And I said, well,<br />> isn't there a delegation in their own country sharing it? Well, the reality<br />> is a lot of countries don't have that type of inclusive nature. Certainly<br />> the democratic ones do, but there are a lot of ones that aren't. And it was<br />> a very stark message to me of exactly what we're talking about when we talk<br />> about multi-stakeholder governance and how you collect the best wisdom and<br />> energy to create something bigger. So a long-winded answer to your question,<br />> but that - those representatives were a very essential part of our<br />> delegation.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Thank you.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Okay. Our next question is from David McAuley with Bloomberg<br />> BNA. Go ahead, please.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Thank you. Ambassador Kramer, my questions, too, have been<br />> answered, but let me ask this: What will happen to the U.S. delegation now<br />> and to your role between now and, let's say, WTPF in May? And what are the<br />> U.S. plans going forward between now and January of 2015?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER: *Yeah. Thank you, David. And so a couple of things.<br />> People will all go into their own worlds again in the coming weeks and<br />> months. So our delegation - obviously a lot of them are in civil society or<br />> industry, et cetera. They'll, obviously, go back into that. I'll eventually<br />> go back into probably academia and the work that I was doing before, and<br />> maybe industry again. You never know.<br />> <br />> But importantly, what should be happening in the next month or two is what<br />> are the learnings from the conference, what are the implications going<br />> forward, how do we advance multi-stakeholder governance. All of those<br />> things, I think, are going to be very, very helpful. And I think, again, to<br />> the earlier question about was this successful, there's a lot of success in<br />> understanding points of view of other nations, of really honing in on our<br />> arguments, and importantly how do you advance these ideas about liberalized<br />> markets and about multi-stakeholder governance. So the next couple of<br />> months, my mind is going to be on that and sharing insights as well as a lot<br />> of my colleagues.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Thank you.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Next question comes from Jennifer Martinez, The Hill. Please go<br />> ahead.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Hi. Thanks so much for taking my call. Appreciate it. You've<br />> kind of touched on this in previous questions, so apologies if this is<br />> somewhat of a repeat. But with the countries that are signing the ITRs, I<br />> guess, would they be treating a company like Google or Facebook differently<br />> in the future, or is it too early to tell, since the treaty hasn't gone into<br />> effect yet?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER: *Yeah. I think it's too early to tell. A lot of the<br />> countries that would sign, that would have policies very different than<br />> ours, are already creating a very different environment. So I don't think<br />> that's likely to happen near term. And again, I think from a legally binding<br />> standpoint, these ITRs don't have teeth in them. But I do think we have to<br />> continually be vigilant on this issue about not erecting barriers.<br />> <br />> And some of the arguments on this, Jennifer, it's interesting. You may have<br />> governments that have different political views than us. They may have<br />> different practices on censorship, et cetera. But many of them are<br />> fundamentally concerned about commercial issues. They want to see commerce;<br />> they want to see people using the internet effectively, et cetera. And so<br />> there's always that argument that helps advance keeping the internet free<br />> and open.<br />> <br />> So that's kind of the mindset from here. And again, I don't expect any big<br />> change in any of this. But we are going to have a continued effort to make<br />> sure this multi-stakeholder model and the global opportunity is made clear.<br />> <br />> *MODERATOR:* All right. We have time for one more question.<br />> <br />> *OPERATOR:* Okay. Last question comes from Josh Peterson, The Daily Caller.<br />> <br />> *QUESTION:* Hi, Ambassador. Thank you for your time and thank you for taking<br />> my question. I just wanted to go back and talk a little bit about what<br />> brought the proceedings to a vote. Because from what I understand, the event<br />> operates on consensus, but - and a vote was unlikely. So what was it that<br />> prompted this to happen?<br />> <br />> *AMBASSADOR KRAMER: *Well, so first of all, what happened last night and<br />> what also happened this evening is there was an indication of interest.<br />> People hold up placards. They did one vote, I think, later on to try and<br />> move things along. So some of what's happening is the views on these issues<br />> are so heartfelt and so significant, and it slowed down a lot of the<br />> negotiations. I mean, here we are Thursday night, and it's almost midnight<br />> here, and people are still trying to work away.<br />> <br />> So the chairman has really tried to move things along. And one of the tools<br />> was to do this vote on the human rights element. But in general, they've<br />> tried to really stick to consensus. So I don't feel, per se, that this<br />> indication of interest or a nominal vote has been the big issue. I think the<br />> bigger issue is there's a variety of nations out there that do hold<br />> different views than our own, and we're going to have to continue to engage<br />> so that we don't find that that continues to be an area of disagreement.<br />> <br />> *MODERATOR:* All right. Well, thank you, everyone, for joining us this<br />> evening. And as a reminder, we will not be having another call. This was our<br />> press briefing that we had mentioned in our media note previously.<br />> Thank you, everyone. Have a good night.<br />> <br />> <br />> <br />> ____________________________________________________________<br />> You received this message as a subscriber on the list:<br />> governance@lists.igcaucus.org<br />> To be removed from the list, visit:<br />> http://www.igcaucus.org/unsubscribing<br />> <br />> For all other list information and functions, see:<br />> http://lists.igcaucus.org/info/governance<br />> To edit your profile and to find the IGC's charter, see:<br />> http://www.igcaucus.org/<br />> <br />> Translate this email: http://translate.google.com/translate_t<br />> </blockquote>