<html><head></head><body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><div>Dear Jovan you are right on this. That's what we call negotiation on international relations where multiple scenarios are possible</div><div><br></div><div>Carlos<br><br>Enviado desde mi iPhone</div><div><br>El 20/08/2012, a las 11:04, Jovan Kurbalija <<a href="mailto:jovank@diplomacy.edu">jovank@diplomacy.edu</a>> escribió:<br><br></div><div><span></span></div><blockquote type="cite"><div>
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
Dear Carlos,<br>
<br>
It is a valid point and it is rare that countries do not have
protecting powers. However, if the UK wants to play a legal card it
can find strong one in the following two articles of the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations, specifying a need for the
consent of the receiving state: <br>
<br>
Article 45: b) the sending sTate may entrust the custody of the
premises of the mission, together with its property and archives, to
a third State <i><b>acceptable to the receiving State. </b></i><br>
<br>
Article 46: A sending State may <i><b>with the prior consent of a
receiving State</b></i>, and at the request of a third State not
represented in teh receiving state, undertake the temporary
protection of the interests of the third State nationals.<br>
<br>
Regards, Jovan<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 8/20/12 5:40 PM, Carlos Vera
Quintana wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:E25F0AB6-770E-4F46-8AFA-7AE2D088F494@gmail.com" type="cite">
<div>Jovan but even on the situation you describe, Ecuador can
work with another country to represent their interest with UK so
Assange is under new diplomatic umbrella.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26,
0.296875); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227,
0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180,
0.230469); ">Ecuador gov hopes that situation you describe
does not occur but is ready to take action with other country
Representing their interest if happen</span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26,
0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227,
0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180,
0.230469);"><br>
</span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26,
0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227,
0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180,
0.230469);">Carlos Vera<br>
</span><br>
Enviado desde mi iPhone</div>
<div><br>
El 20/08/2012, a las 9:57, Jovan Kurbalija <<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:jovank@diplomacy.edu">jovank@diplomacy.edu</a>>
escribió:<br>
<br>
</div>
<div><span></span></div>
<blockquote type="cite">
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<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria">Hi
Mawaki,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria">Here
is an attempt to answer your question on the international
legality of the 1987 Act in three ways: Twitter, e-mail
and blog post. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria">The
short
answer – Twitter – is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">that <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1987/46">the
1987 UK Diplomatic and Consular Premises Act</a> is in
accordance with international law</i> (the 1961 Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations - VCDR and
international customary law). <o:p><br>
</o:p>A bit longer answer for this e-mail should rely on
the sequence in establishing diplomatic relations between
states with three important moments:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria">-
First, states have to recognise each other. <o:p></o:p><br>
- Second, after recognition, states establish diplomatic
relations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria">-
Third, after two states establish diplomatic relations,
they can open diplomatic missions. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Here is how this
sequence can apply to the Assange asylum case: <o:p><br>
</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br>
</o:p>The UK can sever diplomatic relations unilaterally.
Diplomatic relations are concluded by mutual consent
(Article 2 of VCDR). If consent is withdrawn, diplomatic
relations cease to exist. <o:p><br>
</o:p>After severing diplomatic relations, the UK would
require Ecuador to close its embassy in London, and
Ecuadorian diplomats to leave the territory of the United
Kingdom within a reasonable time. ‘Reasonable time’ is not
specified, but it usually takes between 7 days (in the
case of the closure of the Libyan mission in London in
1984) and one month. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>On
this point Assange would remain alone in the Ecuadorian
embassy. The VDRC does not specify how long the premises
of the mission mission should preserve diplomatic status
(remain inviolable). <o:p></o:p><br>
Most of the practice in diplomatic law provides the
‘reasonable time’ needed to protect and move the mission’s
archives and property. The 1987 Act codifies this practice
and specifies how to deal with this lacuna in the VCDR
(time for closing the mission). <o:p><br>
</o:p>Once the premises are no longer inviolable, the UK
can enter the premises of the Embassy and arrest Assange
if he is still there. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It is very difficult
to envisage a scenario in which the UK police could enter
the Ecuadorian embassy without following the above
described sequence – starting with the severing of
diplomatic relations with Ecuador. Any other action would
be a serious blow to the modern diplomatic system exposing
– among others – the UK diplomatic missions worldwide, to
high risks. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br>
</o:p>While the UK has a legal basis for an action against
the Ecuadorian embassy, its initiative could turn into a
real diplomatic fiasco. It is surprising that UK diplomacy
did not take into account the strong attachment of Latin
American countries to the right of diplomatic asylum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Even in the case of
political conflicts among themselves, Latin American
countries have supported diplomatic asylum. It is a
well-established regional customary law, codified in a few
conventions, including<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CEQQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iidh.ed.cr%2FBibliotecaWeb%2FVarios%2FDocumentos%2FBD_1051382564%2FB.2.1.DOC%3Furl%3D%2FBibliotecaWeb%2FVarios%2FDocumentos%2FBD_1051382564%2FB.2.1.DOC&ei=JgExUPWEAcjU4QT28oCwDg&usg=AFQjCNEHWkWD8hItVeTFQtdXbZSHUj31ag">1928
–
Havana</a>, <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-37.html">1933
–
Montevideo</a>, <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-46.html">1954
– Caracas</a>. The right of asylum is also granted by
Article 27 of <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/oasinstr/zoas2dec.htm">the
1948 American Declaration on Human Rights</a>. <o:p><br>
</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br>
</o:p>By accelerating the Assange asylum case, the UK – to
use a football metaphor – put the ball into penalty and
asked President Correa to strike without a goal-keeper. He
could not miss such a chance. In a few days, President
Correa will gather all LA ministers of foreign affairs as
a symbol of unity against the UK action. Given his
political situation, it is an unexpected and welcome gift.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The Assange asylum
case, like other similar cases, is likely to be solved
through negotiations that will provide the UK with a
face-saving exit strategy. Might the Swedish authorities
be persuaded to conduct the hearing ‘remotely’? If
negotiations fail, Assange is likely to be long-term
tenant of the Ecuadorian embassy in London. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> <br>
You can also see two texts with </o:p><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/international-law-and-assange-asylum-case">more
detailed legal elaboration of this e-mail</a> and <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/frequently-asked-questions-about-diplomatic-asylum">FAQs
about
diplomatic asylum</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br>
I hope it will help in clarifying, at least, legal
aspect of this complex case. <br>
<br>
</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">As ever, Jovan <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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