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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Michael (and others)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>The IGF brings out what it calls a
synthesis paper for each IGF meeting. It is a kind of official conference paper
with translations in all languages. Since thousands attend the IGF, it can be
considered to have a good audience, though actual readership is not known. It
is a written format which can be used to put our views forward, and, somewhat officially,
into the IGF. Often, there is so much effort to get a few minutes of ‘talk
time’ at the IGF, but I think this written format is also an important ‘space’
to use strategically. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>The text proposed by me is to serve as an
IGC input into this synthesis paper. I understand that civil society needs to
rely more on force of reason built on collective values to push its political
positions, since it, by definition, has little or no ‘institutional’
power. That makes using such ‘spaces’ as the official conference paper
very important for the IGC. As I understand, one of the principal contributions
of civil society to global policy space is of providing fodder for deliberation.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Now, for the substantive content of the
proposed draft:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>A few days back, the IGC proposed that IGF
should make ‘rights and the Internet’ as the overall theme of IGF,
Egypt. A very laudable proposal indeed. But now if the IGF secretariat or the MAG,
quite justifiably asks us - making an issue as ‘the’ over-arching
theme of IGF is a really a big thing, so can you please tell us (1) why it is
important to do so, and (2) what would be the broad contours of a ‘rights
and the Internet discourse’. We cannot then say, please don’t ask
us these things, we don’t want to get into such controversies. MAG will
reply, thanks very much, neither do we, so lets keep discussing access,
security and openness in a meaninglessly broad form.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>The proposed draft tries to anticipate
these two questions and frame some response. I think such an IGC input is
needed if our desire for making rights a central issue in IGF is really
serious.. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>And as I said, it is only a very rough
draft put up to invoke comments and suggestions. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Parminder <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div style='border:none;border-left:solid blue 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 4.0pt'>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Michael Gurstein
[mailto:gurstein@gmail.com] <br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Friday, August 29, 2008 2:55
AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> governance@lists.cpsr.org; 'Parminder'<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> RE: [governance] Inputs
for synthesis paper</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Parminder,</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>I'm not clear as to what this paper is
meant to accomplish, who its intended audience is and how, when and in
what format it will be distributed.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>MG</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> -----Original Message-----<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b> Parminder
[mailto:parminder@itforchange.net] <br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> August 27, 2008 8:15 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> governance@lists.cpsr.org<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [governance] Inputs for
synthesis paper<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Dear All<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>We had proposed IGC inputs to the synthesis paper for IGF
Hyderabad on two topics – ‘rights and the Internet’ and
‘review of the IGF’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Since no comments have come in, a draft is being proposed.
We can build in comments and suggestions into it. However if a very different
starting draft is found necessary we can do it through a working group. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>The synthesis paper is a place to put in substantive ideas
and positions that we may want to present. Somewhat like putting forth such
ideas/ positions at the IGF meeting itself. The paper is a good
‘space’ through which we can try to reach the IGF participants. The
draft is done with this context in mind. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>The enclosed draft is on the issue of ‘rights and the
internet’, and we acknowledge the work done, and being done, by the
Dynamic Coalition of Internet Bill of Rights in this regard. I will try
another, shorter, draft on the issue of ‘review of the IGF’ too. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>It is a very rough initial draft to trigger discussion and
inputs. There must be a lot of gaps/ inconsistencies especially in capturing
the rights ecology in relation to the Internet. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>The deadline for sending these in is 12<sup>th</sup>
September. And if do agree on sending a contribution it has to be put through
consensus process after finalizing the text.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Thanks<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Parminder <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-style:italic'>IGC’s input -1 to the
synthesis paper for IGF, Hyderabad.<o:p></o:p></span></font></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-weight:bold'> ‘Rights and the
Internet’ as the over-arching theme for IGF-4, at Cairo <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></i></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Global internet
policy making and Rights – Role of the IGF and its constituent civil
society<o:p></o:p></span></font></i></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Civil Society Internet Governance Caucus (IGC) is a civil society
organization that seeks to “promote global public interest objectives in
Internet governance policy making”, towards “realization of
internationally agreed human rights, social equity </span></font><font
face=Arail><span style='font-family:Arail'>and interdependence</span></font><font
size=2 face=Monaco><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Monaco'>,</span></font>
cultural concerns, and both social and economic development”. The mission
of the IGC “is to provide a forum for discussion, advocacy, action, and
for representation of civil society contributions in Internet governance
processes”.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>IGF has the principal mandate and challenge of contributing to global
Internet policy making, which is beset with a formidable problem. On one hand,
it is an important emerging policy area, with a strong global mooring, as the
Internet becomes central to more and more social institutions, and on the other
hand, global political structures are, very often, either too weak or otherwise
unsuitable to be up to the challenge of effectively making democratic and
public-interest centered Internet policies. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>In times when there is uncertainly about appropriate institutions for
policy making, as in case of global Internet policies, it may help to first
focus on ‘constitutional’ principles that must underpin these
polices, and inform the activities of the institutions that are engaged in this
activity – both extant, and emerging. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Some of such ‘constitutional’ principles are related to process.
Council of Europe and Association of Progressive Communications have been doing
some important work in this regard on the issue of “a code of conduct for
public participation in IG”. There are also some other initiatives
seeking to examine how (process related) ‘WSIS principles’
of mulitistakeholderism, transparency, participation
and democratic governance can be applied in the extant IG institutions. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>It is however equally important to evolve some substantive
‘constitutional’ principles<a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn1'
href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup>[1]</sup></a> that should inform
global Internet policies, and the concerned institutional framework. WSIS
called for a ‘people-centric’ information society, and the way to
construct such an information society is to proceed from placing people’s
rights at the centre, in a manner that includes all people of the world in
their specific social contexts. Framing of such ‘peoples rights in the
information society’ will consist in contextualizing existing human
rights to the Internet age, as well identifying new rights-based conceptualizations
that are relevant to the new and emerging situations.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>It is relevant to note here that much of the existing global polity, to
the extend it does exist, is based on globally agreed human rights. This
provides a good precedent for basing a global Internet policy institutional
framework on ‘rights in relation to the Internet’. The WSIS
Declaration of Principles also opens with a strong reaffirmation of human
rights as the basis of shaping the emerging information society. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>IGF will make an important contribution to global Internet policy
making if it picks up and drives a rights-based discourse regarding the
Internet and the information society. The ideas and principles emerging
from such a discourse can then inform institutions that actually make Internet
policies, and the shaping of new institutional frameworks, that may be
required, the possible need of which was identified by the Tunis Agenda. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The Internet Governance Caucus therefore strongly recommends that
‘Rights and the Internet’ be made as the overarching theme for
IGF-4 in Egypt, and the IGF-4’s program be dominated by the need for
developing a rights-based discourse in the area of Internet Governance. The
Caucus has already expressed support to the letter on this subject which was
sent by the Dynamic Coalition on Internet Bill of Rights to the MAG.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>IGC offers IGF all assistance in helping shape such a people-centered
‘rights-based discourse’ at the IGF meetings, and specifically to
help operationalise the proposal of making ‘rights and the
Internet’ as the overarching theme for IGF-4 in Egypt. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>A complex new
emerging ecology of ‘rights and the Internet’<o:p></o:p></span></font></i></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Freedom of expression and openness of the Internet are underpinned by
recognized basic human rights. Privacy in the digital space is increasingly
understood as a very important Internet right. Conceptions of ‘rights and
the Internet’ extend to the area of positive rights – for
instance in the area of access, where a ‘right to the Internet’ is
being articulated by some groups, and to collective rights like cultural
rights, which can underpin the important IGF thematic area of cultural
diversity. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Many important Internet policy areas, like network neutrality, are
being framed in terms of rights, like a right to know, access information<a
style='mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><sup>[2]</sup></span></a> and share information,
including perhaps freedom of expression itself. Right to public information
takes a wholly new context in a digital environment, where digital public information
is publicly sharable at little or no extra cost. One project looks at any
‘positive acts’ of withholding digital public information from
citizens as a form of censorship. All these rights-based conception covers the
IGF theme area of ‘openness’. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Many other rights like the right of association and the right of
political participation have important new implications in the Internet age,
including in terms of the kind of Internet policies that best serve public
interest. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>It is a widely held fear that while the Internet gives unprecedented
new economic, social and political opportunities in many new areas, it may
further widen economic, social and political divides. It is for this reason
that ‘development’ has always been a central theme for all IGF
meetings. In this context, it may be useful to explore what does the
‘right to development’ mean in this new, much more globalized,
context. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Consumers of digital products face new challenges and consumer’s
right<a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn3' href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><sup>[3]</sup></span></a> to know and completely
‘own’ the products and services they pay for is another important
emerging area of rights. This has great relevance in a context where corporates
are able to extend their digital arms of control inside people’s houses
and personal devices, in a manner largely unsuspected by the ordinary
consumers.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Right to property normally has been considered as an important right.
However its applicability and (remarkably quick and far-reaching) mutations in
the digital space, in form of IP rights is greatly contested. In fact, this
contestation is the primary political economy contestation of the emerging
information society. Is IP right a ‘real’ right? Are corporate
entities entitled to ‘rights’ as we understand the term
‘rights’? What public interest principles much underpin any
conception of IPR? In the new context, what is the significance of further
developing the concept of a right to access knowledge, in the digital space? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Internet governance till today has largely been based, initially, on
technical principles of ‘neutrality’ and, increasingly, on
Internet’s nature as a giant global marketplace. With Internet becoming
much more that just a technical platform or a marketplace, and central to many
or most social and political institutions, an alternative basis and conceptual
framework for IG needs to be explored. In the view of the Caucus a right-based
framework will be most appropriate to be so explored and used. It is the also
Caucus’s view that the IGF is the institution best placed to take up this
task. This process should start in IGF, Hyderabad, where some workshops on
‘rights issues’ are being planned, and these issues will also
hopefully figure prominently in the main sessions. These discussions will help
IGF work towards developing ‘rights and the Internet’ as the
over-arching theme of IGF-4 in Egypt. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><br clear=all>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=1 width="33%" align=left>
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</blockquote>
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<div style='mso-element:footnote-list'><br clear=all>
<hr align=left size=1 width="33%">
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn1>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href="#_ftnref1"
name="_ftn1" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><sup><font size=2
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>[1]</span></font></sup></span></a>
To quote some existing initiatives here</p>
</div>
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn2>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href="#_ftnref2"
name="_ftn2" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><sup><font size=2
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>[2]</span></font></sup></span></a>
Mentioned in TA</p>
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<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn3>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn3' href="#_ftnref3"
name="_ftn3" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><sup><font size=2
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>[3]</span></font></sup></span></a>
Mentioned in TA</p>
</div>
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