<div>Dear Ronald, </div>
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<div>Sorry for having used a word like fractalization without providing a clearer explanation. I extract this exchange in a different thread from the original one. Why did I use the notion of fractalization of sovereignty (indeed a bit a neologism here) ? </div>
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<div>As Milton remarked, the term "fractalization" that I employed indeed comes from the notion of "fractals", a type of strange and often beautiful mathematical functions popularized by Benoît Mandelbrot (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot">Wikipedia bio</a>) in his book "Fractal objects" in 1975. </div>
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<div>The main characteristic of fractals is their self-similarity : they reproduce similar patterns at various scales. Another one is they have dimensions that are not a whole number, ie : 1.3 or 2.6 instead of 1 (the dimension of a line in the normal 3D euclidian space) or 2 (the dimension of a plane). This means for instance that the surface of a fractal object is not smooth but usually very rugged and that a fractal line is very dented, down to the infinitesimal detail. </div>
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<div>If this seems abstract, some examples from real life can illustrate the concept, as Mandelbrot himself did in his famous book "The Fractal Geometry of Nature" in 1982. Familiar fractal-like structures are mountains (small rocks have the same aspects as whole mountains), clouds, some plants (including ferns), coastal shores, or vegetables like the Romanesco Broccoli ;-) See more<a href="http://tiger.towson.edu/~gstiff1/fractalpage.htm"> pictures here</a>.</div>
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<div><img style="WIDTH: 141px; HEIGHT: 106px" height="213" src="http://tiger.towson.edu/~gstiff1/images/fracta2.jpg" width="228"> <img style="WIDTH: 155px; HEIGHT: 112px" height="230" src="http://tiger.towson.edu/~gstiff1/images/fracta5.jpg" width="324"></div>
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<div>Furthermore, interface motifs like dendrites in percolation systems or neuronal connections exhibit a fractal-like pattern. </div>
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<div>What on earth does this have to do with sovereignty and governance, you may wonder ? This is the idea :</div>
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<div>National sovereignty, the very foundation of the international order we now live in, is fundamentally based upon physically distinct territories where the exclusive authority of the national government applies. Only exceptions are international treaties and other arrangements among governments. This works very well when the territories are very distinct (and millions of lives have been lost during history in establishing the exact frontier lines) and interactions among people from different territories were relatively rare. </div>
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<div>But more recently, the development of air transportation reinforcing links between people worldwide and, more than anything, the development of the Web have produced a huge number of unintended side effects, including an increasingly dense web of interactions through cyberspace among actors located in different parts of the world. Still , the basic paradigm is national jurisdictions - and rightly so, in the absence of any other substitue so far. </div>
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<div>Nonetheless, as the examples that we discuss illustrate, some governmental authorities can have legal means of action through a national actor, towards others that are not formally under their jurisdiction. We witness therefore a de facto extension of their sovereign power on citizens of other territories, outside of a treaty framework, but not on a pure territorial continuity basis. It's more akin to the dendritic interface I was talking about above. </div>
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<div>The fact that eNom is a US-based registrar gives the capacity to the US governments - or courts - to ask it to suppress the domain name of a spanish citizen. But this would not be possible in the same way if this spanish citizen had registered its domain with a spanish registrar : the US government would have to go to the registry (Verisign in that case). Hence, by registering its domain with a US based registrar, this specific non US citizen has established a link, a connection, that brings it - in part - within the sovereign power of a foreign governement. And by using a .com name, also but maybe to a lesser extent. Conversely, the de facto authority of a european government is reduced, as a perfectly legal activity in Spain is - temporarily - restricted by the action of another governement. </div>
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<div>This is what I meant when I mentionned a fractalization of sovereignty. In the traditional acception of the term, sovereignty is complete over one's citizens and nil over citizens in other countries (pending agreements to the contrary). Here there is an extension of authority to somebody on another territory, but this authority is not complete : it covers only one very limited type of action (the domain name accessibility) and no other activity of this actor. There is a question of scaling here and in order to be able to handle such problems, the corresponding governance mechanisms must, in my view, be somewhat self-similarly scalable. </div>
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<div>I hope this has not made the idea even more complex. And apologies to the constitutionalists and specialists of international law on this list for the inevitable approximations or even errors of this rapid response. </div>
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<div>Best</div>
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<div>Bertrand</div>
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<div>P.S. Consider this post as pernoanl food for thought and certainly not as an official position ! :-) </div>
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<div class="gmail_quote">On Fri, Mar 7, 2008 at 5:03 PM, <<a href="mailto:KovenRonald@aol.com">KovenRonald@aol.com</a>> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid"><font face="arial,helvetica"><font face="Geneva" color="#000000" size="2">Dear Bertrand --<br><br>How about "fragmentation" ?<br>
<br>Amiti</font><font face="Geneva" color="#000000" size="2">és, Rony</font>
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