<div>Jovan, </div>
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<div>1) <strong>On the three estates</strong> Just one note : after the french revolution, fortunately, the three estates disappeared to be replaced by one single community : the citizens. This was actually the major transformation.
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<div>I would say that in a certain way, the three separate constituencies at the beggining of WSIS have been granted a common unifying label of "stakeholders" in the multi-stakeholder approach pioeered by the IGF : no more privileges or separate categories for the open dialogue forum. This is why there is an equal footing in IGF.
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<div>This is not contradictory with "different roles and responsibilities". And here is why. As we are delving into french political history, you may recall that the "French Declaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen" starts with the important following first article : "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common utility."
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<div>This could be kept in mind when we deal with the "respective rights and responsibilities of the different categories of stakeholders" in the WSIS documents. Because nothing prevents an Internet Governance structure (the IGF for instance) to be based on an "equal right of all stakeholders to participate in the governance processe dealing with the issues they are concerned with or impacted by"; and at the same time, establish that "different rights and responsibilities can be established only to serve the global public interest".
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<div>Therefore, nothing prevents in the future the Internet Governance Framework we will collectively design from establishing different roles and responsibilities, if they are beneficial for the global public interest. But as Steve Crocker said in the ICANN meeting in Lisbon, everything in here is 100% man-made and under human decision : the resources, the rules, the principles, and the structures.
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<div>2) <strong>On the Fourth estate</strong> Interestingly, in France, the press is qualified as "le quatrième pouvoir", as related to the three branches of representative democracy (legislative, executive and judiciary) rather than as a "fouth estate" in relation with the three estates of the nobility, the clergy and the commons, which are not valid any more. The
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Estate">english</a> and <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatri%25C3%25A8me_pouvoir">french </a>articles in Wikipedia are interesting to compare in that respect. </div>
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<div>3) <strong>On the blogosphere as fifth estate</strong> The blogosphere is, of course, a sort of fifth estate, or rather, as I said above, a fifth "pouvoir", in addition to the four previous ones. But more than anything, the development of blogs, community sites and social networking tools has created a global Internet Community of more than a billion people with very dense interlinking.
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<div>This is the embryo of a global polity rather than a separate constituency and influential power. The Internet has evolved into a complete social, economic and political space. All it lacks is the governance framework to organize this international community as a Polity.
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<div>That is, among other things, what Internet Governance is all about. Not only the governance "of" the Internet (the infrastructure and the domain names) or the governance "on" the Internet (the various uses and misuses) but also a governance made possible by the Internet and the communication tools it provides; in other words a governance for the Internet Age and a Global Community.
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<div>Best</div>
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<div>Bertrand<br><br> </div>
<div><span class="gmail_quote">On 4/23/07, <b class="gmail_sendername">Jovan Kurbalija</b> <<a href="mailto:jovank@diplomacy.edu">jovank@diplomacy.edu</a>> wrote:</span>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid">Dear Wolfgang,<br><br>There is an interesting evolution from<br><br>Montesquieu's trias politica. As usual, he was not as innovative as it has
<br>been attributed. The concept of THREE ESTATES already existed in the Middle<br>Ages (the Clergy, the Nobility and the Peasantry) in order to control<br>absolute power (not as absolute as usually perceived).<br><br><br>
To<br><br>Burke/Hunt "FOURTH ESTATE" (recently revitalized by Archer's novel)<br>consisting of the three estates + press….<br><br><br>To<br><br>The concept of "FIFTH ESTATE" which was recently proposed by Dr. Nayef<br>Al-Rodham from the Geneva Center of Security Policy. He analyzed policy
<br>aspects of blogs and provided quite convincing arguments that blogs can be<br>considered the "Fifth Estate". His book contains an in-depth analysis of the<br>international policy and security aspects of blog development. I think that
<br>the PDF-version will be available soon (the book is currently accessible at<br>http//www.gcsp.ch). If you find this concept interesting we can try to<br>organise a discussion with Dr. Al-Rodham in late May. The book also contains
<br>some reflections about bloggers as a possible policy constituency (link to<br>other discussion threads on Internet users/community).<br><br>In sum, checks and balances must be in-built, but I think that we have to<br>
move beyond the good old "trinity'.<br><br><br>Best, Jovan<br><br><br><br><br>-----Original Message-----<br>From: Kleinwächter, Wolfgang<br>[mailto:<a href="mailto:wolfgang.kleinwaechter@medienkomm.uni-halle.de">wolfgang.kleinwaechter@medienkomm.uni-halle.de
</a>]<br>Sent: Monday, April 23, 2007 13:07<br>To: <a href="mailto:governance@lists.cpsr.org">governance@lists.cpsr.org</a>; John Mathiason; <a href="mailto:governance@lists.cpsr.org">governance@lists.cpsr.org</a>;<br>Milton Mueller
<br>Subject: AW: [governance] Can governmental powers be limited?<br><br>Dear list,<br><br>Another five cents to the stimulating debate:<br><br>When Montesquieu and others developed the theory of the seperation of power<br>
to counter the absolutist power regime of the monarchies at this time, the<br>argument was that the decision making power should be distributed to avoid<br>misuse of absolute power and to have instruments to correct wrong decisions.
<br><br><br>In the late 1980s, when we changed the German Democratic Republic, there was<br>a discussion about the "measurement of democracy". One proposed method was<br>to meter the distance between the main powers: Parliament, Government,
<br>Judiciary and the Press. If you have long distances among the four powers,<br>you have a high level of democracy. The level of democracy goes down if<br>distances are narrowed. And if the parliament follows was the government
<br>says and if the courts decide and the press writes what the government wants<br>- as it was the case in the German Democratic Republic - you have a<br>dictatorship.<br><br>What we can learn from this for Internet Governance? Decentralize power.
<br><br>What we need is a new Montesquieu for the Internet, a more detailed<br>seperation of powers. The Multilayer Multiplayer Mechanism (or as Vint has<br>labeled it the "Grand Collaboration") will work only on such a seperation of
<br>powers. Nobody has a decisions making capacity for the system as a whole,<br>only for some parts. In some areas governments keep their decision making<br>power, in other parts non-governmental stakeholders decide on their own
<br>premises. This is a step in the right direction. But it can go much further<br>down the road. With regard to ICANN, would it make sense to decentralize<br>further the relevant decision making power? Why not to give decision making
<br>capacity to SOs? Or to ACs? If decisons are made by GNSO and CNSO (and<br>others, the main challenge for the Board would be stimulate communication<br>amonf the differetn decision making bodies and, where needed "to
<br>coordinate".<br><br>Best<br><br>Wolfgang<br><br><br></blockquote></div>____________________<br>Bertrand de La Chapelle<br><br>Tel : +33 (0)6 11 88 33 32<br><br>"Le plus beau métier des hommes, c'est d'unir les hommes" Antoine de Saint Exupéry
<br>("there is no better mission for humans than uniting humans")