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<br>Convergence is not causality. Lots of interested stakeholders may legitimately prefer multistakeholder models from ones on which they are baseline excluded.<div><br></div><div><br>Sent from my iPhone using <a href="http://taps.io/mailplus" target="_BLANK">Mail+ for Outlook</a>
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<br><br><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""> michael gurstein<br><b>Sent:</b> 4/14/14, 4:07 PM<br><b>To:</b> 1Net List, Internet Governance Caucus List, bestbits<br><b>Subject:</b> [bestbits] FW: US Is an Oligarchy Not a Democracy, says Scientific Study<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">I guess the below explains the overwhelming pressure from the USG to have multistakeholderism implemented for global (Internet) governance since MSism would
be the political form through which oligarchies would exert (and mask) their power in global decision making processes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Of course it also suggests why significant elements of CS in Internet Governance processes would also support MSism since they are in many cases the direct
beneficiaries of these oligarchies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">M
</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">
<a href="mailto:sid-l@googlegroups.com">sid-l@googlegroups.com</a> [<a href="mailto:sid-l@googlegroups.com">mailto:sid-l@googlegroups.com</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Sid Shniad<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, April 14, 2014 11:20 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> undisclosed-recipients:<br>
<b>Subject:</b> US Is an Oligarchy Not a Democracy, says Scientific Study</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><a href="http://www.commondreams.org/view/2014/04/14" target="_BLANK">http://www.commondreams.org/view/2014/04/14</a><br>
<br>
Common Dreams April 14, 2014 </b></p>
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<h2>US Is an Oligarchy Not a Democracy, says Scientific Study</h2>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>“The preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy.”
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by Eric Zuesse</b> </p>
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<p>In America, money talks... and democracy dies under its crushing weight. (Photo: Shutterstock)A <a href="http://www.princeton.edu/%7Emgilens/Gilens%20homepage%20materials/Gilens%20and%20Page/Gilens%20and%20Page%202014-Testing%20Theories%203-7-14.pdf" target="_BLANK"><span style="color:#000087; text-decoration:none">study</span></a>,
to appear in the Fall 2014 issue of the academic journal <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>, finds that the U.S. is no democracy, but instead an oligarchy, meaning profoundly corrupt, so that the answer to the study’s opening question, "Who governs? Who really
rules?" in this country, is: </p>
<p>"Despite the seemingly strong empirical support in previous studies for theories of majoritarian democracy, our analyses suggest that majorities of the American public actually have little influence over the policies our government adopts. Americans do enjoy
many features central to democratic governance, such as regular elections, freedom of speech and association, and a widespread (if still contested) franchise. But, ..." and then they go on to say, it's not true, and that, "America's claims to being a democratic
society are seriously threatened" by the findings in this, the first-ever comprehensive scientific study of the subject, which shows that there is instead "the nearly total failure of 'median voter' and other Majoritarian Electoral Democracy theories [of America].
When the preferences of economic elites and the stands of organized interest groups are controlled for, the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy."</p>
<p>To put it short: The United States is no democracy, but actually an oligarchy.</p>
<p>The authors of this historically important study are Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, and their article is titled <a href="http://www.princeton.edu/%7Emgilens/Gilens%20homepage%20materials/Gilens%20and%20Page/Gilens%20and%20Page%202014-Testing%20Theories%203-7-14.pdf" target="_BLANK"><span style="color:#021D95; text-decoration:none">"Testing
Theories of American Politics."</span></a> The authors clarify that the data available are probably under-representing the actual extent of control of the U.S. by the super-rich:</p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt; margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p>Economic Elite Domination theories do rather well in our analysis, even though our findings probably understate the political influence of elites. Our measure of the preferences of wealthy or elite Americans – though useful, and the best we could generate
for a large set of policy cases – is probably less consistent with the relevant preferences than are our measures of the views of ordinary citizens or the alignments of engaged interest groups. Yet we found substantial estimated effects even when using this
imperfect measure. The real-world impact of elites upon public policy may be still greater.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Nonetheless, this is the first-ever scientific study of the question of whether the U.S. is a democracy. "Until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions [that U.S. policymaking operates as a democracy, versus as
an oligarchy, versus as some mixture of the two] against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues." That’s an enormous
number of policy-issues studied.</p>
<p>What the authors are able to find, despite the deficiencies of the data, is important: the first-ever scientific analysis of whether the U.S. is a democracy, or is instead an oligarchy, or some combination of the two. The clear finding is that the U.S. is
an oligarchy, no democratic country, at all. American democracy is a sham, no matter how much it's pumped by the oligarchs who run the country (and who control the nation's "news" media). The U.S., in other words, is basically similar to Russia or most other
dubious "electoral" "democratic" countries. We weren't formerly, but we clearly are now. Today, after this exhaustive analysis of the data, “the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact
upon public policy.” That's it, in a nutshell.</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Investigative historian Eric Zuesse is the author, most recently, of
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Theyre-Not-Even-Close-Democratic/dp/1880026090/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&qid=1339027537&sr=8-9" target="_BLANK">
<i>They're Not Even Close: The Democratic vs. Republican Economic Records, 1910-2010</i></a><i><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in">,</span></i>and of
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/B007Q1H4EG" target="_BLANK"><i>CHRIST'S VENTRILOQUISTS: The Event that Created Christianity.</i></a>
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